tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76617536077935951002024-01-03T01:06:59.423-06:00From the Vault<i>The official blog of the Arkansas State Archives, a division of the Department of Arkansas Heritage</i>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comBlogger771125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-61581751078890045402021-06-02T17:37:00.001-05:002021-06-02T17:37:18.149-05:00 Tabloid Gould <div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{190}" paraid="1779210422" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">By Brian Irby</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":2,"335551620":2,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></i></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{190}" paraid="1779210422" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":2,"335551620":2,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{190}" paraid="1779210422" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":2,"335551620":2,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{194}" paraid="83671434" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPYRUFh-pL9mowy3OBr37HO4wN-oF3_vRwL7kUv_nEqgEdegXqGfKDvyadkFmj7uPGp8menTwmlBr6ihpPeLq_APxQ4EuPTbUqA1l8JWGi67yyDC5aNocza8uzlKnuP4Ct26gCj1L4L9bA/s2048/Daily_Arkansas_Gazette_Fri__Sep_9__1898_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1522" height="431" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPYRUFh-pL9mowy3OBr37HO4wN-oF3_vRwL7kUv_nEqgEdegXqGfKDvyadkFmj7uPGp8menTwmlBr6ihpPeLq_APxQ4EuPTbUqA1l8JWGi67yyDC5aNocza8uzlKnuP4Ct26gCj1L4L9bA/w321-h431/Daily_Arkansas_Gazette_Fri__Sep_9__1898_.jpg" width="321" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: x-small;">Arkansas Gazette, 1898<br />Courtesy of the Arkansas State Archives.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;">Tabloid journalism was alive and well in 19</span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun Superscript BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-fontsize="11" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> century Arkansas, thanks in part to Kellogg Gould. This Civil War veteran and proprietor of the Little Rock </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">let his readership know what kind of a ride they were in for when he wrote his newspaper was “democratic to a white-hot heat” in his first editorial. He used the newspaper as a bully pulpit for his aggressive opinions about free love, prohibition and union rights. </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{194}" paraid="83671434" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{194}" paraid="83671434" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Gould was a Missouri native who began his career in the printing business in the 1880s. He was introduced to union activity and was drawn to it like a magnet. Gould’s star rose quickly in that circle and in a relatively short time, he became the head of the printers’ union that represented members in Missouri, Nebraska and Illinois. By 1890, his reputation as a tough man to deal with was well known; this did not bode well for career advancement in his chosen field. Gould became somewhat of a pariah in the management side of the midwestern printing community.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{194}" paraid="83671434" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{194}" paraid="83671434" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Gould eventually moved to Little Rock with his wife Maud - a wealthy woman who was not afraid to back up her husband’s brash behavior with her money. Initially, he had a job with the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Arkansas Democrat</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, but after a few years, the editor fired him. On June 9, 1893, Gould finally got the chance to publish his own newspaper. His wife bankrolled the venture, and the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> was born. </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{218}" paraid="1856833372" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{230}" paraid="2130729169" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Sensational allegations of local scandals were the meat and potatoes of the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, with frequent roasts of politicians served up as side dishes. With that recipe, it was no surprise when the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> found itself in the middle of a controversy. Gould accused Little Rock Mayor M.G. Hall and city council members of being in league with “gamblers and the saloon element.” By the end of July 1893, Gould was attacked by a council member who hit him with not one, but two wooden chairs. Gould had accused the elected official of trying to intimidate a Chicago reporter by unleashing a violent mob – an action known as “</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="SpellingError BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: left bottom; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">whitecapping</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.” </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{230}" paraid="2130729169" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{250}" paraid="1264339105" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">The next month, Gould was walking home when he was beaten severely by a brass-knuckle-wearing police officer named George Bowman. Gould had named Bowman as a member of a gambling ring in the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. The evidence of the beating was sufficient to get Bowman not only suspended from his duties but arrested for the attack. Bowman defended his actions by </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">saying </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">he only beaten Gould with his fists, not with a pair of brass knuckles. </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{34b9c6af-4210-4007-844f-14c46cfe104c}{250}" paraid="1264339105" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{7}" paraid="777726035" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">On Sept. 4, citing a local ordinance that prohibited the selling of any obscene or slanderous printed material, the Little Rock City Council passed a resolution to suppress the newspaper and commanded law enforcement to arrest anyone attempting to sell “the rag” on the streets. Gould filed for an injunction in the Pulaski County Court to prevent the law from being enacted. The county judge agreed and declared the law singling out </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">as illegal. Gould was free to publish and distribute his paper.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{7}" paraid="777726035" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{19}" paraid="2049357783" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Gould’s troubles during his first year in publication did not have a moderating effect on him. He continued to use his paper to attack his opponents and made it even more personal when he threw his hat in the ring for an 1896 United States Senate Democratic primary. He brought his attack methods to the race between popular incumbent Sen. James K. Jones and former Gov. James P. Clarke. First, Gould claimed Clarke was supported by Republicans and Populists who wanted to install the former governor </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and toss Jones out of office. Further, Gould claimed Clarke was in alliance with saloon owners. He declared in the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">that while running for governor years before, “Clarke circulated thousands of secret circulars to the saloon men and gamblers of the State (which statement can be proven in any competent court of justice) in his canvass for the governorship.” Despite his efforts to sully the waters of this election, Jones won the primary handily.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{19}" paraid="2049357783" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{31}" paraid="979868693" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">A few months after his failed election attempt, Gould again found himself in the middle of a controversy. Readers of the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">found that Gould seemed to promote the idea of “free love,” a concept that advocated the abolition of marriage as a legal institution, instead favoring no state sanction of marriage or other personal relationships. Shocked readers notified the United States Post Office that the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> advocated this radical concept. The postmaster for </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="SpellingError BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: left bottom; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Argenta</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> (now known as North Little Rock) immediately swore out a warrant for Gould’s arrest on the basis that he was sending “obscene publications through the mails.” Gould’s enemies reveled in his arrest. The </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Helena Weekly World</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> declared, “If the proof is strong enough to land him in jail clean people in Little Rock will rejoice.”</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{31}" paraid="979868693" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{53}" paraid="870029194" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Gould paid the $1,000 bond and was released from jail, promising the court that he would cease his activities as editor of the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">In order to</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> continue to publish and make good on his promise at the same time, Gould turned over the ownership to his wife. Afterward, Maud Gould’s name would appear as the editor of the paper. Whether anyone was fooled by this sleight of hand was not reported at the time.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{53}" paraid="870029194" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{65}" paraid="173100715" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">While out on bail, Gould couldn’t resist inserting himself in a sensational murder trial involving Jesse Heard, a Little Rock policeman who shot S.T. Blair, a livery stable owner. Heard confessed to the murder, arguing that Blair was having an affair with his wife, and such a blemish on his honor had to be avenged. Newspaper coverage of the trial was at such a fever pitch that the judge moved the trial to Perryville. Gould volunteered as a witness on behalf of the defense. He testified that he had seen Blair and Mrs. Heard leaving a hotel together. It was obvious, he said, that the two were carrying on a torrid affair. </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{65}" paraid="173100715" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{69}" paraid="1816379180" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">The jury acquitted the policeman for the murder. This sparked public outrage and it was directed specifically at one Kellogg Gould. The </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Helena Weekly World</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">wrote, “Where Gould should be is in a three by six hole in the ground.” </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{69}" paraid="1816379180" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{79}" paraid="2114584321" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">On the evening of </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Sept.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> 15, 1897, a crowd made its way towards Gould’s house where they purportedly sought to tar and feather him. Gould got a head’s up from his own group of supporters that saw the mob approaching. He quickly slipped out of town and suspended publication of the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. Writing in the final editorial, the paper was ended “on account of circumstances beyond my control.”</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{79}" paraid="2114584321" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{91}" paraid="1619577769" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Meanwhile, his own trial for obscenity charges was still on a court docket. Gould asked for a continuance, claiming he was in clear and present danger if he returned to Little Rock. After all, a mob had just recently tried to tar and feather him. The judge agreed</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> to put the trial </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">on hold until the mob’s anger dissipated. But it wasn’t just put on hold – it disappeared altogether. It seems no future trial date was set</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and the case was never heard of again. </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{91}" paraid="1619577769" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{103}" paraid="2063207884" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">By the summer of 1898, Gould was back in his newspaper office in Little Rock, publishing the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. It comes as no surprise that Gould would soon find himself back in hot water – this time with much larger potential consequences. </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{103}" paraid="2063207884" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{111}" paraid="1710248327" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">It all started when the </span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Arkansas Gazette</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> began a contest giving away a college scholarship to any student who collected the most newspaper coupons. A young woman named Sophia Saunders was dead set on winning. She told authorities that this had been what spurred her to visit Gould’s office. According to her </span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">sworn affidavit</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, she asked him if she could have the coupon from his copy of the </span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Gazette</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. But instead of simply giving it to her, he demanded a sexual favor in return. She alleged that at that point, she tried to run out of the newspaper office</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> but he grabbed her and shoved her into the back room. Just then, another person entered the front room of the office, distracting Gould, and giving her the opportunity for escape, after which, she asserted, she headed to the police station and told them what had happened at the </span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">’s office. Gould was arrested and charged with attempted rape. </span><span class="EOP SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{111}" paraid="1710248327" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{135}" paraid="1333044006" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">According to Gould, he had promised Saunders his coupons but had accidently given them to another contestant, enraging Saunders, who came up with the story to get revenge. </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{135}" paraid="1333044006" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{139}" paraid="1218696026" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Before a grand jury, Gould said he was unfairly accused by Saunders, who was attacking him out of anger for not giving her the newspaper coupons. A.H. </span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="SpellingError SCXW5012279 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: left bottom; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Pinney</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, a cotton worker who was working in the back of the cotton exchange building, took the stand for the defense, claiming that he had overheard Saunders tell an acquaintance in front of the building in which he was working, “I’ll pay him back!” The prosecutor, on cross-examination, argued that </span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="SpellingError SCXW5012279 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: left bottom; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Pinney</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, from the vantage point of the back of the building, could not have possibly heard Saunders talking on the street. Despite Saunders’ testimony, the grand jury dismissed the case, citing no tangible evidence a crime had occurred. Gould was a free man.</span><span class="EOP SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{139}" paraid="1218696026" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{151}" paraid="1341130950" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Possibly seeing the running of a controversial paper as being hazardous to his safety in Arkansas, Gould sold the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">to</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">F.G. Valkenburg. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">However</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, despite being out of the newspaper business, Gould remained a controversial character. In October 1899, Fay Hempstead, secretary of the Western Star Lodge, of which Gould was a member, officially declared the former editor expelled from the fraternal organization “for un-Masonic conduct.” </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{151}" paraid="1341130950" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{167}" paraid="1183674123" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">There was little to keep Gould in Arkansas and soon after his lodge disfellowshipping, he and his wife moved to St. Louis, where he worked as the manager of a dry goods store and dabbled as a traveling evangelist until his death in 1919. His paper, for </span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">all of</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the controversy it generated during its life, proved to be an ephemeral thing</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> – n</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">o copies of Gould’s </span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Tribune</span><span class="TextRun SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> are known to have survived.</span><span class="EOP SCXW5012279 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW5012279" paraeid="{67e5f524-d670-43a0-9db3-c19f7bee715e}{183}" paraid="1802500562" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW5012279" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"></span></span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW5012279" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p></div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.com1 Capitol Mall #215, Little Rock, AR 72201, USA34.747445 -92.2911149999999916.4372091151975788 -127.447367682209 63.057680884802423 -57.134862317790976tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-46085887409923176982021-06-02T17:30:00.003-05:002021-06-07T14:19:42.585-05:00How to Navigate Church Records in Genealogy: Methodism<div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{f5a9488e-8129-433a-8c85-001640f0f391}{61}" paraid="139069002" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">By Jane Wilkerson</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":2,"335551620":2,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{f5a9488e-8129-433a-8c85-001640f0f391}{65}" paraid="531109178" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">(</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Editor’s note: </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">This is a three part series dedicated to reviewing the different denominations, structures and histories of churches in Arkansas and how their records contribute to family research.)</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{f5a9488e-8129-433a-8c85-001640f0f391}{65}" paraid="531109178" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{f5a9488e-8129-433a-8c85-001640f0f391}{75}" paraid="886751772" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLpuZsLP9d3EP7O6KaL1ABY-8h3eKe2h7HsXDZs8LcOzHRzRZeytQwqvz2aX7jJ5tIrBpFHyYTUfdi8FUtt2d-4q1JDBjDwpKJOmahORt5Va72Zk4SiCcVbkfdQyfzOFrzH_IvzYkRWP9v/s1000/ASA_Postcard_G1369_2_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLpuZsLP9d3EP7O6KaL1ABY-8h3eKe2h7HsXDZs8LcOzHRzRZeytQwqvz2aX7jJ5tIrBpFHyYTUfdi8FUtt2d-4q1JDBjDwpKJOmahORt5Va72Zk4SiCcVbkfdQyfzOFrzH_IvzYkRWP9v/s320/ASA_Postcard_G1369_2_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ASA_Postcard_G1369_2_1</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;">Church records </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">are among</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> most</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> difficult and confusing</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> g</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">enealogical sources</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> to navigate</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">One’s a</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ncestors’</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">religio</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">us affiliation </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">may be different from </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> family</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">’s</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">current practice</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the institution or denomination itself may have gone through “revisions” such as merging, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">separating</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> or renaming,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">which makes </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">research </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">challeng</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ing</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></span></div><p></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{f5a9488e-8129-433a-8c85-001640f0f391}{139}" paraid="243010502" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">The Methodist</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> denomination </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">o</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">fficially organized in</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the United States in</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> 1784</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">at Baltimore</span></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW189846128" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW189846128" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">.</span></span><span class="TextRun Footnote BlobObject DragDrop BCX0 SCXW189846128" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="Superscript BCX0 SCXW189846128" data-fontsize="11" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre !important;">1</span></span> </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">The denomination consists of several </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">c</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">onferences</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">; each distinguishes </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">between</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the official and business me</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">etings for the church.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">They are as follow</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">s</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">: </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">t</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">he</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> General</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> (</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">legislative body</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">)</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">; </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Annual</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> (</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the regional body that consists of preacher and lay ministers</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">from the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">district)</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">; and</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the District, the Quarterly and the Church.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> The </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Methodist C</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">hurch</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> has in modern times, </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">a</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">dded</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Jurisdictional </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">C</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">onference</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">situated </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">between </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the Annual and District</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> conferences.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Below </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">(</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">or, perhaps, parallel to</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">)</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the individual church-level conferences, the denomination long relied on</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> traveling clergy, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">who were </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">known as “circuit riders”</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">who </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">would travel </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">sparsely</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">settled</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> areas on horseback</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. The traveling clergy </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">sometimes t</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ook </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">more than a month to cover their routes</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and held </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">services in</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> h</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">omes, field</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">s</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">yes, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">even taverns. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">In between visits from the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">“</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">circuit rider,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">”</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the congregations would </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">rely on classes for spiritual fulfillment</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{f5a9488e-8129-433a-8c85-001640f0f391}{139}" paraid="243010502" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{32962bfa-49bb-4a24-b1fe-4e0f7c8183ab}{88}" paraid="1790770524" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">The </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Methodist Church </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">(or, as it was known until 1939, the Methodist Episcopal Church) </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">in Arkansas </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">dates </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">back to </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the 1810s</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, when Arkansas was part of</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Louisiana Territory</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">w</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">hich </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">was under the Western Conference. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">In </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">1812</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the conference </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">spli</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">t</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> leaving the state under the Tennessee </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Conferen</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">c</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">e</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and three years later</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the first circuit</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Spring </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">River</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> was established.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Around 1817</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the first church</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Mount </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Moriah</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> was built at Ozan</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> (Hempstead</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> County</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">). </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">One year later</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">first district, Black River, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">was formed</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. It consisted</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> of </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">four</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> circuits</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">: </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Spring River, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Hot Springs, Mound Prairie and Pecan Point. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">T</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">he denomination </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">continued to grow</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">which led </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">to </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">development of</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> its first Conference</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">in </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">1833 </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">in </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Arkansas Territory </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">at Spring River</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">At the conference</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Little Rock was named the first station</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">church in the territory</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span><span class="TextRun Footnote BlobObject DragDrop BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="Superscript BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-fontsize="11" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre !important;">2</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{32962bfa-49bb-4a24-b1fe-4e0f7c8183ab}{88}" paraid="1790770524" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{60698f50-a632-490f-b2e2-79f2ff8a5304}{7}" paraid="211079041" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Knowing church history is important because t</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">he more </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">a</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">researcher knows </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">about the structure</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and history of the recordkeepers, i.e. church</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">es</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, the easier </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">it is to rummage through </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and collect </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the correct documents.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> E</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ven if </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">one</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> grew up in </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">a particular denomination, it is all too easy to </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">make assumptions </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">in one’s </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">research based on </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">what the church is now and not based on </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">what or how it existed in the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">period </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">in which one is trying to trace one’s ancestor</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">A argument within a church can cause a split that creates two parallel organizations researchers will need to investigate.</span><span class="TextRun Footnote BlobObject DragDrop BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="Superscript BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-fontsize="11" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre !important;">3</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">This</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> issue</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> is not a beginner’s tendency alone: </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">A</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">lmost any family historian can fall into th</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">e trap of</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">not knowing enough church history to find the needed documents.</span><span class="TextRun Footnote BlobObject DragDrop BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="Superscript BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-fontsize="11" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre !important;">4</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{60698f50-a632-490f-b2e2-79f2ff8a5304}{7}" paraid="211079041" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{60698f50-a632-490f-b2e2-79f2ff8a5304}{87}" paraid="1376065569" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">L</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ike many other churches</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Methodism has</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> experience</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">d</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> divisions</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and mergers</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and even reunions</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Today, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">for instance </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">“mainstream” Methodist </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">denomination is known as the United Methodist Church</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, but this has only </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">existed</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> since 1</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">968</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Division </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">within </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the denomination came early, on</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">e</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> of the first being </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">in 1813</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">when the Union </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Church </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">of Africans</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> formed</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. Th</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ree years later, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">16 </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">representatives, from African</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Wesleyan</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> churches in </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Philadelphia</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Baltimore</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Wilmington, D</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">elaware;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Attleboro, P</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ennsylvania;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and Salem, N</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ew Jersey</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, met to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, which remains a discrete denomination </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">that is</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> part of the Wesleyan tradition.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> By the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">late </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">20</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun Superscript BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-fontsize="11" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">century</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> over </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">46</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">denominations </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">could show</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> connection to </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Methodism </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and John Wesley’s teachings.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{60698f50-a632-490f-b2e2-79f2ff8a5304}{87}" paraid="1376065569" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{60698f50-a632-490f-b2e2-79f2ff8a5304}{233}" paraid="185976825" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">The moral of the story is simple: </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Before one dives</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> into </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">doing genealogy </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">into church records,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> one should educate himself or herself </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">about the history of the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">c</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">hurch</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">es </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">in the area</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Hopefully,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">this will </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">make research easier</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and more successful.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{60698f50-a632-490f-b2e2-79f2ff8a5304}{233}" paraid="185976825" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{16}" paraid="1126714631" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">There are three excellent books written </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">on the subject</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> of Methodism</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> in Arkansas: </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Methodism in Arkansas, 1816-1976</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, by Walter N.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Vernon</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Two Centuries of Methodism in Arkansas, 1800-2000</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">by </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Nancy Britton</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">History of Methodism in Arkansas</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">by </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Horace </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Jewell</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">One of the most helpful features in </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Vernon’s book is </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">he lists all </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Methodist minister </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">up to 1976 </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and indicates </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">when </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">they</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">started </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">left</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the ministry in Arkansas</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{16}" paraid="1126714631" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: left; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Next month</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the Arkansas State Archives</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> will</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">l</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ook at </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">what branches of </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Methodist Church </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">were </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">here in the state</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and where resources can be found.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">___________________________________________</span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW238059297" data-ccp-props="{"134233117":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":1,"335551620":1,"335559739":120,"335559740":360}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="TextRun BlobObject DragDrop SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="Superscript SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-fontsize="10" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre !important;">1</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">The </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Methodist confession </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">emerged as an evangelical revival movement within the Church of England</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">, part of the “Great Awakening</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">” of the mid-18</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun Superscript SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" data-fontsize="10" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super;">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> Century.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> By the 1760s, Methodism spread to the Thirteen Colonies</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">: </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Methodist societies were formed under the oversight of </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">the Reverend </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">John Wesley</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">. For some </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">time</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">American Methodists</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">, like their English coreligionists,</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> remained affiliated with the Church of England, but this </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">changed</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> after the American Revolution</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">: John</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> Wesley </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">himself </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">ordained the first Methodist elders for America in 1784.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="TextRun BlobObject DragDrop SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="Superscript SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-fontsize="10" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre !important;">2</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> Vernon, Walter N</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">. Vernon, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Methodism in Arkansas, 1816-1976</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">, Little Rock: </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Joint Committee for the History of Arkansas Methodism, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">1976.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">; </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Nancy</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> Britton</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Two Centuries of Methodism in Arkansas, 1800-2000</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Little Rock: August House Publishers, Inc., 2000</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">;</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> Horace</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> Jewell, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">History of Methodism in Arkansas</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">. Little Rock:</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">P</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">ress Printing Company, 1892</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">. A current Methodist glossary defines a “station church” as</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> “</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">a</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> pastoral charge comprising only one local church. This </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">is in contrast to</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> a circuit, which contains two or more local churches.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">”</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span class="EOP SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span class="EOP SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="TextRun BlobObject DragDrop SCXW113227004 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="Superscript SCXW113227004 BCX0" data-fontsize="10" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre !important;">3</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW113227004 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW113227004 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> The Methodist Episcopal Church South was the result of the M.E. church’s division on the issue of slavery; in 1844, a quarrel at the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church held in Louisville, Kentucky, led to schism and the organization of the M.E. Church, South. This parallel denomination rejoined the older Methodist Episcopal Church in 1939, the unified denomination renaming itself simply the Methodist Church. In 1968, it merged with the Evangelical United Brethren, forming the United Methodist Church. Also worth mentioning in this context are the Southern Methodist Church (dissenters from the 1939 merger), as well as the Methodist Protestant Church (more dissenters, theologically conservative). The latter denomination makes its headquarters in Mississippi.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW113227004 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span class="EOP SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span class="EOP SCXW113227004 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW238059297" paraeid="{5bd63484-3ec5-41b1-aef2-4764a3c37266}{100}" paraid="1312132844" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP SCXW17580512 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: Calibri, Calibri_EmbeddedFont, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span class="EOP SCXW155583403 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span class="EOP SCXW113227004 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="TextRun BlobObject DragDrop SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="Superscript SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-fontsize="10" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre !important;">4</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Early in my own genealogical research, my mom and I decided to try to look for her Cole family in Methodist Church records. My mother’s family has been active in the Methodist church since the 1700s in Baltimore the “point of origin” for the denomination in English-speaking America. Moreover, she was a “cradle Methodist,” raised in the denomination, so it was not something unfamiliar to us. We knew that her Cole forbears lived in Beebe; my great-great Grandfather Cole was postmaster there and had a farm in the area. One day, we were down at the Beebe City Hall checking for cemetery records, so we popped in the First United Methodist Church. We knew that the church the Coles attended went to was in town and that FUMC Beebe was the oldest church in the area, and the church secretary was more than willing to let us look at their ledgers. But…after looking through church records, we discovered that the Coles had NOT been members of the church. But we knew they had been “church people,” so where were they? Later, when reading Nancy Britton’s book, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">The First 100 Years: First United Methodist Church Batesville, Arkansas 1836-1936</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">, and my great grandfather’s diary, my mistake became crystal clear: The Coles were Methodist Episcopal or, as my family would say, Methodist Episcopal </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">North</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">. The First United Methodist Church of Beebe had its roots in the Methodist Episcopal Church </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">South</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-parastyle="footnote text" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">, a denomination that emerged in the years preceding the Civil War.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW96393818 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":240}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></span></span></span></p></div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-66467943770160645272021-06-02T17:16:00.007-05:002021-06-03T14:44:13.439-05:00Grant Helps ASA Preserve, Digitize Arkansas Newspapers<p><span style="color: #444444;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxbRjMARTS-RwZf_-kiozv_1VMXWD47PJ0hyoasuLCEjtTbGMnvPsUOAVVT8hZ8JQ7Sk_zMS45-jFDJeKVcfb0v6gRnWv91PLYcw62Ph1kQgXj_uXjADBUvoyWQDZ3kIkP832f8B-Dquq9/s1852/ChroniclingAmericaHomepage%255B1%255D.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="1852" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxbRjMARTS-RwZf_-kiozv_1VMXWD47PJ0hyoasuLCEjtTbGMnvPsUOAVVT8hZ8JQ7Sk_zMS45-jFDJeKVcfb0v6gRnWv91PLYcw62Ph1kQgXj_uXjADBUvoyWQDZ3kIkP832f8B-Dquq9/w384-h191/ChroniclingAmericaHomepage%255B1%255D.png" width="384" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBME2yN77qdtKN_mELcJrN-pqkmwVx_uRUlY3a5YbpKte_oxtcDQgwJIot84XcOUJkoheZuLmn3Hq0yNyNpE-na57_HAUaGTrV7v9fmUOx4GppiJ-_VKhDrOjkyf9hgbJHYMOByOW6SFXr/s295/default.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="200" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBME2yN77qdtKN_mELcJrN-pqkmwVx_uRUlY3a5YbpKte_oxtcDQgwJIot84XcOUJkoheZuLmn3Hq0yNyNpE-na57_HAUaGTrV7v9fmUOx4GppiJ-_VKhDrOjkyf9hgbJHYMOByOW6SFXr/w156-h230/default.jpg" width="156" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #444444;"><br />A project that has put more than 158,000 historical, Arkansas newspaper pages online for the past two years is continuing with a third request for more pages underway.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;">“This grant will allow us to give the public greater access
to historical newspapers,” said Dr. David Ware, state historian and director of
the Arkansas State Archives. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;">The Archives was awarded a $250,522 grant for a two-year
cycle of 2019-2021. Staff have applied for a third cycle of funding. So far
this year, more than 58,000 newspaper pages have been preserved and added to
the Chronicling America website.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;">The grant makes it possible for the Archives to be part of
the National Digital Newspaper Program, which is a joint effort by NEH and the
Library of Congress. The program is building a national digital resource of
historically significant newspapers that were published between 1690 and 1963.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;">Having free access to those newspapers will help expand
people’s ability to use them for research and help educators have access to
primary source material for the classroom. Currently, the program is being
overseen by Archivist Katie Adkins.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;">The grant is for a second cycle for 2019-2021 and a continuation of the first NEH grant, which the Archives was originally awarded in 2017. The second cycle grant award, similar in amount to the first, has the same goal of digitizing around 100,000 newspaper pages by the end of August 2021. Since the project began, Archives has digitized 58 unique newspaper titles, totaling more than 158,000 pages. The digitized papers can be found on </span><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/"><span style="color: #6fa8dc;">Chronicling
America</span></a><span style="color: #444444;">, which is the program’s free, open-source website. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;">The Newspapers Program is a long-term effort to develop an
internet-based, searchable database of U.S. newspapers. Institutions from
across the country are participating in the project. To continue to receive the
grant, agencies must reapply. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;">The process to digitize the newspaper currently operates in the same way as the previous grant cycle. In the first two grant cycles, the Archives partnered with the Mississippi Department of Archives and History to help with technical
aspects of the production process. Apex CoVantage was selected as the digitization vendor for the first two cycles and is responsible for duplicating original microfilm reels. The duplicates are housed in the LC vault in D.C. Apex also is responsible for digitizing the microfilm data so that, for each page of a newspaper, there are high resolution images that can be searched. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #444444;">Takeaways from the project:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #444444;">Two-year cycle grants with a goal of digitizing 100,000 pages
per cycle. </span></li><li><span style="color: #444444;">Titles are selected based on a variety of criteria including
geographic and temporal representation, length of title run, relevance to state
and national news to name a few. </span></li><li><span style="color: #444444;">In cycle 1 (2017-2019), ASA digitized 100,622 pages, which
included 40 newspaper titles representing 27 counties.</span></li><li><span style="color: #444444;">So far in cycle 2 (2019-2021), ASA digitized 58,427 pages,
which includes 20 newspaper titles.</span></li><li><span style="color: #444444;">A third grant cycle would allow ASA to digitize publications
for underrepresented groups, including female-owned and operated papers,
minority-owned papers and foreign language papers.</span></li><li><span style="color: #444444;">Dates for digitized Arkansas newspaper currently available
are 1854-1923. </span></li><li><span style="color: #444444;">Digitized newspapers are freely available and searchable on
the Chronicling America website </span><a href="(https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">(https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/</span></a><span style="color: #444444;">). </span>For more information on the NDNP project visit<span style="color: #6fa8dc;"> </span><a href="https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/</span></a><span style="color: #444444;">. </span></li></ul><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="color: #444444;"> </span></o:p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-22122654262416707632021-06-02T16:51:00.005-05:002021-06-02T16:51:51.512-05:00 Director’s Notes for June 2021 <p style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW1615460" data-contrast="auto" face=""Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Historical Markers</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW1615460" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" face=""Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></b></p><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW1615460" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW1615460" paraeid="{e1e29b1e-bd92-4cdd-ad55-a330d0ef62b1}{167}" paraid="1645608171" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;">By Dr. David Ware</p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW1615460" paraeid="{e1e29b1e-bd92-4cdd-ad55-a330d0ef62b1}{167}" paraid="1645608171" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW1615460" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW1615460" paraeid="{e1e29b1e-bd92-4cdd-ad55-a330d0ef62b1}{173}" paraid="1055893577" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW1615460" data-contrast="auto" face=""Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW1615460" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"></span></span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW1615460" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" face=""Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW1615460" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW1615460" paraeid="{e1e29b1e-bd92-4cdd-ad55-a330d0ef62b1}{177}" paraid="757733087" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-kerning: none; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW1615460" data-contrast="auto" face=""Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: windowtext; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW1615460" data-contrast="auto" face=""Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD352tZ_aOp8CgNvDRN-NMI_0JIOAhU0h0eC8qpfXFe1J9pF8jZVGIT63LnmD-Ff9IKDRULoEOr4oBQssqVKWIKzEWWiazPJmWcrnhvX9VNEt4Nh-4fNHQTvB6EYymzheTGdpGcxnNSYLm/s1423/ware.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1374" data-original-width="1423" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD352tZ_aOp8CgNvDRN-NMI_0JIOAhU0h0eC8qpfXFe1J9pF8jZVGIT63LnmD-Ff9IKDRULoEOr4oBQssqVKWIKzEWWiazPJmWcrnhvX9VNEt4Nh-4fNHQTvB6EYymzheTGdpGcxnNSYLm/w244-h236/ware.jpg" width="244" /></a></span></div><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW1615460" paraeid="{e1e29b1e-bd92-4cdd-ad55-a330d0ef62b1}{177}" paraid="757733087" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW1615460" color="windowtext" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; font-family: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">One of the perks associated with my job is that of serving on the board facilitating placement of historical signs and markers</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">. The board has the duty and honor of reviewing the texts prepared for those distinctive silver-on-black</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">,</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> cast</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">-</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">metal markers that one see</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">s</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108411609" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> all over the state, in places prominent and obscure; each of them proclaims for passersby that something of significance happened at or near that spot.</span></span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW108411609" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW1615460" paraeid="{e1e29b1e-bd92-4cdd-ad55-a330d0ef62b1}{177}" paraid="757733087" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><br /></span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW1615460" paraeid="{e1e29b1e-bd92-4cdd-ad55-a330d0ef62b1}{177}" paraid="757733087" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">The texts are prepared from materials submitted by advocates for the individual markers, usually interest</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">e</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">d local citizens who do not want their communities’ heritage to go unnoticed. The texts must be brief</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">—</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">less than 250 words, to be distributed across both sides of the marker</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">—</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and at the same time convey </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">both </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">“</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">X</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">”</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> amount of accurate historical information AND </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">a sense of </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">reason for the marker’s </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">placement.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">In short, these markers must perform the work of good historical interpretation</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">—</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">telling out the “who, what, when, where” and, crucially, why it </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">matter</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ed</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> then and matters now</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{e1e29b1e-bd92-4cdd-ad55-a330d0ef62b1}{197}" paraid="2145289106" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{6}" paraid="377465419" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">It occurred to me the other day that much the same thing can be said for holidays, particularly those associated with historic events</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. What</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> put me in mind of this was a </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">F</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">acebook post from a friend, the Rev</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Richard Goodman, a </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Presbyterian </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">minister</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> who serves a flock in Blackstone, Virginia.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Richard is a fine guitarist with a good “gospel baritone” voice to boot; his post was a video encouraging all comers to attend Blackstone’s Juneteenth celebration</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">—</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">to be held on the last Saturday in May. Richard concluded his message with a strong performance of “</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="SpellingError BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-image: url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAEAJECAP////8AAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAFAAQAAAIIlGAXCCHrTCgAOw=="); background-position: left bottom; background-repeat: repeat-x; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Ain’t</span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Going to Let Nobody Turn </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">M</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">e Around,” a </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">C</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ivil Rights-era </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">marching </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">song based on a gospel hymn of more than a century ago.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{6}" paraid="377465419" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{58}" paraid="41138492" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">I enjoyed Richard’s post</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> — </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">I look forward to the next time we can tr</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">a</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">de a tune or two in person</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> — </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and it reminded me of the power of the idea of Juneteenth.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Across the nation, over the past decade or two, Juneteenth</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> (observed on June 19 in some places, while others, like Arkansas, designate a particular day whose date changes with the shifting calendar)</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> has acquired status as a day</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> on which to remember the spread of the idea of the end of chattel slavery in this land. It marks the date on which, in 1865, enslaved workers in south Texas finally received the word that they were free and had been</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> — </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">in legal fact</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> if not practical status</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> — for </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">nearly two</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">-</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">-</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">one-half years.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{58}" paraid="41138492" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{106}" paraid="169759660" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">It makes sense for my friend to </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">celebrate</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Juneteenth in May, since one might expect the good word to have spread sooner to Virginia than to the outlands of Texas or even Arkansas</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. Last year in this space</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> I noted enslaved laborers working on a Hempstead County plantation did not learn until June 4 of 1865 that they were legally free. Since 2005, the third Saturday in June has been officially styled “Juneteenth Independence Day” in Arkansas. This year it falls</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">on</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> June 19. </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{106}" paraid="169759660" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{128}" paraid="1436493610" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Juneteenth</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> often falls</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> on a different date</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">s</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> (</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">N</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ext year, Juneteenth will be on </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">June 18</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and in 2024, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">June 15</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">)</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> but what </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> day </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">marks will never change: </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">t</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">he sweeping spread of the tide of freedom</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> a righteous ripple set in motion by the Emancipation Proclamation and what preceded it</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">;</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> the work </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">of abolitionists</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Black and white alike, men and women</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> who saw slavery for what it was</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">—</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">evil</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> — </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and what it must become</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">: </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">extinct.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{128}" paraid="1436493610" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{204}" paraid="1028901217" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">We erect historical markers so we and those who are yet to come will remember important things</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">—</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and will pass them along. Those who ignore these markers forego both the pleasure of a moment and an opportunity to celebrate, to live and to learn. Juneteenth is</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> a day, a marker</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> and, like the Rev. Richard’s singing, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">a powerful</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> interpretive instrument</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">. Don’t pass this marker by.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{204}" paraid="1028901217" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{230}" paraid="1228430477" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">•••</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{230}" paraid="1228430477" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{238}" paraid="250916478" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">I would be remiss if I did not mention</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">—</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">and shamelessly plug</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">—</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">the upcoming Juneteenth programming hosted by our sister agency, the Mosaic Templars </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">Cu</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">l</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">tural Center. This year’s observance, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">because</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">of the oft-cited “abundance of c</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">aution,” will be virtual</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">, </span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">but it will be well worth sampling.</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Events will be livestreamed to the MTCC Facebook page June 16-19, with a grand finale dedicated to music Ju</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">ne 19.</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{8e51c08c-71af-4dd8-9c05-ee96390b0249}{238}" paraid="250916478" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW162950622" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW162950622" paraeid="{6d7b1383-3659-4b82-913f-2a4157062557}{27}" paraid="1842685864" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">With a little luck, this year’s virtual celebration will give way to something in-person next year</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US">,</span><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-contrast="none" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none !important; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"> but for now, I hope that you will join me in taking part in this event from the comfort of your home, office or wherever your Internet connection is strong!</span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW162950622" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p></div></div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW1615460" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph BCX0 SCXW1615460" paraeid="{6d7b1383-3659-4b82-913f-2a4157062557}{37}" paraid="666683444" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="TextRun BCX0 SCXW1615460" data-contrast="auto" face=""Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: none; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW1615460" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"></span></span><span class="EOP BCX0 SCXW1615460" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}" face=""Baskerville Old Face", "Baskerville Old Face_EmbeddedFont", "Baskerville Old Face_MSFontService", sans-serif" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19.425px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"> </span></p></div>
<table style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 100%;">
<p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in;"><strong></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8IlU5btSiv0h8YIVNWf520ODk38EJNlAmX8N81PLOuJVIv98Rek1SUhkBpoPKCJRhgj4xlGIAhQhVd0_s0ZDclFFTVXM5uDpujGLzmw1wM0K6wfz7aI72g855Xpms3BDceclPLaOSlDWb/s255/Junteenth.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="255" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8IlU5btSiv0h8YIVNWf520ODk38EJNlAmX8N81PLOuJVIv98Rek1SUhkBpoPKCJRhgj4xlGIAhQhVd0_s0ZDclFFTVXM5uDpujGLzmw1wM0K6wfz7aI72g855Xpms3BDceclPLaOSlDWb/w274-h213/Junteenth.png" width="274" /></a></strong></div><strong><br />What</strong>: Juneteenth Celebration<p></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in;"><strong>When</strong>: starting at 1 p.m. June 16-19</p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in;"><strong>Where</strong>: MTCC Facebook page</p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in;"><br /></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in;"><strong>Cost</strong>: Free</p><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.com1 Capitol Mall #215, Little Rock, AR 72201, USA34.747445 -92.2911149999999916.4372091151975788 -127.447367682209 63.057680884802423 -57.134862317790976tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-30024975225216436502021-03-04T12:53:00.000-06:002021-03-04T12:53:14.411-06:00Diaries Offer Insight into Family History by Jane Wilkerson<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOS02C4e4QTyxjQRZQj8loPoDstfopvVlRboKi10-vXOhjjkWaloKH2KvgiauELzgJwNjOVvpp3cruJHVq6r7uIZgT358DObOJlqCqeGNLMdV4MgeI_vGnlWwKlBjtssBecIaOlTjdRNVt/s512/genealgogy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOS02C4e4QTyxjQRZQj8loPoDstfopvVlRboKi10-vXOhjjkWaloKH2KvgiauELzgJwNjOVvpp3cruJHVq6r7uIZgT358DObOJlqCqeGNLMdV4MgeI_vGnlWwKlBjtssBecIaOlTjdRNVt/s320/genealgogy.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />A question
the State Archives staff faces often is, “Is it possible I can find out what my
ancestor was like? What did they feel and dream?” My answer to this query is,
“Yes, it’s possible—particularly if they kept a diary or journal.”<o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I’ll bet that you’re thinking, “Aren’t
diaries and journals are the same thing?” Well, yes and no.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Technically, diaries are a record of personal
feelings and journals focus on activities and events. Commonly, people use
these terms interchangeably. So, why is this important to define?</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">It will help, when doing research, to
understand the difference in what information these documents can provide.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Diaries and journals held by archives and
libraries in the United States date as far back as the colonial period. Most of
these personal narratives, particularly the earliest ones, tended to be
journals that recorded farming, financial, and/or weather details. It was not
until the 1700’s that girl’s and women’s diaries began to emerge; they remained
rare even though statistics from the Foundation for Economic Education show
that 80 percent of men and 50 percent of women in New England by 1776 could
read and write.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/meg.matthews/Documents/Diaries%20Edited.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="font-family: inherit;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">
In the South, literacy rates for both genders were somewhat lower but rose over
time: by the mid-Nineteenth century, female diarists were common in both North
and South. Their style tended to be more personal than reportorial (that is,
recording inner thoughts, activities, personal feelings, and documenting relationships
with others).</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">After the Civil War,
diaries and journals became more common among adolescents and young adults; Both
males and females kept such personal records, but over time a pattern emerged
of diary-keeping being more associated with women: after </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">1910, females became the primary creators of
these documents.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Many state historical societies,
libraries, and archives hold multiple diaries and journals as part of their
collections. The Arkansas State Archives is lucky to hold several such. The
majority are Civil War related, but not all; the ASA’s diary and journal
holdings also illuminate unexpected, fascinating corners of the state’s
postbellum story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">One of the more interesting diaries held
at the ASA is that of Cynthia Ann Ward who, like many other women who lived
through the Civil War, faced hardships and challenges unimagined before the
years of conflict.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We do not know much
about her life before or during the war. Ward began a diary on January 1, 1865
and we know that she continued keeping it for the next two years, at least
until January 7, 1867.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> The document gives readers a vivid sense of what one eastern Arkansas
woman experienced in the closing days of the war and in her post-war struggle
to reclaim her property. In her January 12, 1865 entry, Ward for the first time
discussed local military activity and her fear of Federal soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She wrote, “... ten deserters from Hood’s
army came by here and caused the boys to stampede they thought them Fed’s.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In another entry, she mentions her eldest
son, 16-year-old Louis Montgomery, who had joined his uncle’s (unidentified)
Confederate unit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In her January 17
entry, Ward revealed the anxiety she felt for her son: “…I am getting very
uneasy about Louis, fear the Yankee’s may capture him.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later, on January 20, she noted that “Henry
and I came home Louis and Mr. Berry back safe.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">At the archives, one can also sample the
diaries written by Ella Maria Flint Hamblen Cole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The daughter of Col. Samuel Hamblen (the
second Superintendent of the Hot Springs Reservation) and Maria Florilla Flint
Hamblen, she grew up in Hot Springs and later attended Little Rock University
(an institution associated with the Methodist Episcopal denomination), where
she met her husband Charles Finley Cole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After marriage the couple moved to Batesville, Arkansas where they
raised their five children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ella Cole’s diaries
begin in 1886 and end in 1952, giving us a rare 66-year window into one
individual’s life, experiencing the best that life offered, as well as the
worst. On </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">June
17th, 1890, Ella described how she and her siblings celebrated her mother’s
birthday:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt;">Mama’s birthday,
spent all the day up at the Reading Room … went downtown and bought a quarter
of a yard of ribbon to put on a pallet I had painted for Mama... Besides what I
gave Mama an earth ware bowl and a teaspoon holder, Papa gave her his pipe and
promised he would not smoke anymore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Stany gave her two crash towels and Sam gave her $15.00.”</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">However,
through all the joys she expressed over the years with her marriage and birth
of her children, the entry that may touch the reader the most is one for
February 20, 1945.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ella’s oldest
daughter had been fighting a severe kidney infection and nothing seemed to be
helping.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On that day, Ella knew her
daughter had taken a turn for the worse:</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Karia was extremely restless, from bed to chair
and back again. George [George Reazin, Karia’s husband] was with her constantly
and did all he could for her. After midnight and a talk with the Dr. George
made arrangements for an ambulance to take Karia back to Presbyterian
Hospital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As she was on the stretcher
and the attendants were raising her to leave, I kissed her and she said, “Mama,
will you stay and take care of things for me?” I promised of course, little
suspecting it was my last words to her.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Karia Cole Reazin would pass away the
following day.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Archives also preserves the diary of
Ella’s husband, Charles Finley Cole during the time they were courting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charles born in 1871 in Wyandotte County, Ohio
and moved to White County, Arkansas in the early 1880s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His diary started in 1892 and ended in 1897. During
this period, Cole faced his own share of adversity, including the loss of a leg
because of a train accident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Entries
from March 1894 suggest some difficulties in adjusting to a new prosthetic leg:
<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">March 3,
1894, Leg came today. Put it right on. Have been walking nearly ever
since.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Went to Land Office and saw Laws.
Also took a boat ride. Leg fit well. Think and hope I’ll like it. Estimated
distance walked 1 ½ mi…March 5, 1894, … Leg hurting. Put on my old one to go to
town with. Sorry it does not fit. Surely, have my share of troubles…<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The diary also preserves evidence of his
inner conflict over making the hard choice of becoming a lawyer or minister. Cole
finally made his choice in June of 1894.: “May 30, 1894, … Received letter from
Dr. Curl asking me to take charge of the [Methodist Episcopal Church] Stuttgart
circuit. … June 1, 1894, Replied to Dr. Curl<a href="file:///C:/Users/meg.matthews/Documents/Diaries%20Edited.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> saying cannot consistently
accept charge and returned [Methodist Episcopal Church ministers] license…” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ultimately, genealogy and family research
is a process of searching records to find information. Keep in mind that even
if you cannot find a diary/journal for your own ancestor, one from the area in
which they lived can be helpful in making connections and give you information
about their neighborhood and society; you may even find your ancestor
mentioned! So, the next time you encounter a diary or journal originating in a
time and place where your family lived, take a little while to sample it: you
may find mention of your family or, just maybe, you may find some new
relations!</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br /></p><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/meg.matthews/Documents/Diaries%20Edited.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Statistics from https://readcenter.org/literacy-rates-improved-since-1776/.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/meg.matthews/Documents/Diaries%20Edited.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Dr. Curl was a <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Methodist Episcopal minister</span> and
president of Little Rock University.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-20825740571279121422021-03-04T12:13:00.000-06:002021-03-04T12:13:13.760-06:00Louis Jordan's Arkansas Roots by Brian Irby<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkzVXUXDxpYhfXIrT3FrMqQCIJXvp2vdTgL-yKSp4aItP0Iw97SuFWzOu4EyiFwSMboVH0vJ_i1vjbB3ifbZjXCVzCLUJwPYZllSLuXZ_h_xof69nGVGlqFIawUmUZtqfRpzo5eujb4Vd/s1272/louisjordan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1272" data-original-width="952" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkzVXUXDxpYhfXIrT3FrMqQCIJXvp2vdTgL-yKSp4aItP0Iw97SuFWzOu4EyiFwSMboVH0vJ_i1vjbB3ifbZjXCVzCLUJwPYZllSLuXZ_h_xof69nGVGlqFIawUmUZtqfRpzo5eujb4Vd/s320/louisjordan.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;">In July <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1948, James
Jordan sat in the wings of the Howard Theater in Washington, D.C., with a smile
on his face. He had traveled all the way from Brinkley, Arkansas, for one
purpose, to see his son, Louis Jordan, play his saxophone. He was no doubt
proud of his son, who had been enjoying success touring the country. His
records were all hits, scoring high on the Rhythm and Blues charts. Throughout the
1940’s, he had 54 hit songs on the charts, with 18 of them reaching number one.
<o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jordan was born in Brinkley on July 8, 1908. Soon after his birth,
his mother, Adell, passed away, leaving James to raise the boy alone. As a
result, the young child was very close to his father, inheriting his love of
music. The elder Jordan had been an accomplished musician in his own right in
Brinkley, mastering all the instruments in the big band orchestras popular at
the time. Louis acknowledged his influence when a reporter asked him about his
father’s talent. Jordan pointed to his father and said, “Here’s the original
and I am only the imitation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The young Jordan took up the saxophone as his instrument of
choice, playing in local bands around the Brinkley area, including his father’s
band. After graduating high school, he attended Arkansas Baptist College,
majoring in music. In 1936, he joined the Chick Webb Orchestra, a band which
featured a teenaged Ella Fitzgerald on vocals. Between 1936 and 1938, the Chick
Webb Orchestra was a staple at Harlem’s Savoy Ballroom, where they entertained
intellectuals and musicians involved in the Harlem Renaissance including such
luminaries as Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1938, he was ready to strike out on his own and formed
the Elks Rendez-Vous Band. He later renamed his band The Tympany Five. His band
was smaller than most jazz orchestras of the time. To make sure that his
smaller band had the same power of a larger band, he emphasized a more
syncopated rhythm, making the beat punchier. As a result, his small band could
move a crowded dance floor into a frenzy. Soon, he was filling dance halls
throughout the country as people were attracted to his innovative “jump blues”
style of music. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Much of his success was the result of his showmanship. He
bantered with his band and his audience, telling funny stories. Many of his
songs had a comedy bent to them, including “Ain’t Nobody Here but Us Chickens,”
and “Open the Door, Richard.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He always
sang with a smile on his face, transferring the joy he felt for the music to
his audience. It was hard to watch Louis Jordan without a smile on your face. Melba
Joyce, who sang with Jordan’s band in the 1960s and early 1970s, told a
reporter for the <i>New York Daily News</i>, “He was a consummate musician, and
all of his players knew it. But he also knew his audiences liked partying and
having a good time.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Music writers began
referring to him as “Mister Personality.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1941, Jordan recorded what would become his first big
hit, a song called “Knock Me a Kiss.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That hit was followed with a string of hits that shot him into the
stratosphere of fame: “I’m Gonna Move to the Outskirts of Town,” “Five Guys
Named Moe,” “Is You Is Or Is You Ain’t My Baby,” “Caldonia” and “Somebody Done
Changed the Lock on My Door.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The decade
of the 1940’s was very good to Jordan. Between 1943 and 1949, around a third of
the number one hits of the decade were Jordan records. His songs were at the
top of the Rhythm and Blues charts for a record 113 weeks, more than any other
African American artist. This feat has not been repeated by any musician since.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1946, he translated his musical fame to the big screen,
starring in the film, <i>Beware</i>, a production which featured an all African
American cast. In the film, Jordan portrays a successful band leader who
returns to his college to put on a benefit show to save his alma mater from
financial hardships. He went onto star in other film productions, including <i>Caldonia,</i>
which featured a song in which Jordan wondered, “Caldonia, Caldonia, what makes
your big head so hard?” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />Despite his success, he never forgot about his hometown. When
he would return to Brinkley to visit his father, Jordan was known to swoop into
town driving his large white Cadillac. He would take time to buy the local
children ice cream (he never drank alcohol, preferring ice cream as his vice). When
he discovered that the local segregated park was off limits to black children,
he bought a tract of land for a park for African American children.<o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jordan’s influence on music is undeniable. Jazz great Sonny
Rollins said that he was drawn to the saxophone by watching Jordan. Outside of
Jazz, his influence would be even more profound. Jordan’s recording producer,
Milt Gabler, realized that Jordan’s up-tempo rhythm and blues could be used to
innovate other styles of music. Gabler worked with a singer from Michigan named
Bill Haley, infusing Haley’s country sounds with Jordan’s jump blues. What
resulted was a marriage of the two, with Bill Haley and the Comets’ “Rock
Around the Clock” being credited as one of the first rock ‘n roll records. Jordan
recognized his influence on what became rock ‘n roll. “The only difference
between what we did originally and what became rock ‘n roll was that the beat
grew,” he asserted in 1969. “Essentially the music didn’t change . . . they
just put more juice behind it.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chuck Berry
took much of his penchant for showmanship from Jordan.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">However, with the dawn of rock ‘n roll, Louis Jordan’s
stardom began to fade. Chuck Berry and Little Richard began replacing Jordan on
the charts. He slowed down his touring schedule in 1952, leading <i>Jet </i>magazine
to erroneously report that he had retired. In response, Jordan remarked, “I am
not retired. I am taking a vacation. I have been working ten years straight
without a vacation, and now I’m taking one.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sensing that the false news of his retirement might mark the end of his
career, he quickly traveled to New York to hire new musicians for a new band
and then hit the touring circuit. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">By 1960, sales had slowed enough that Jordan lost his record
deal with Decca Records and was hopping from small independent label to small
independent label. With the decline in sales, Jordan also slowed his touring
schedule. He was happy to stay home with his wife in their home in Phoenix,
Arizona, but he was always open to touring. “Don’t worry,” he told Jazz writer
Leonard Feather in 1961, “I’m available; but I’m very satisfied the way things
are. In fact, I’ve never been happier.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jordan passed away of a heart attack in 1975 in Los Angeles.
He was buried in the Mount Olive Cemetery in St. Louis. Upon his passing, his
widow, Martha Jordan, remarked, “He was before the concept of rock ‘n roll. But
everything they did had almost the same beat as Louis had. He was way before
his time.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1987, Jordan was inducted
into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an influence on the music, referring to
him as “The Supreme Ruler of 1940s R&B.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-76019897249494460832021-03-04T12:00:00.001-06:002021-03-05T10:58:10.044-06:00Rare Cyclone Brought Icy Havoc to 19th Century Arkansas by Brian Irby<div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQcHPmd4hvzqo3JO_XqswV8VwKi3YB3uwROdFHYamEt9ug-wObpc9t_CygbRkPHYk88kw-dV5f0TRFtkPujk6h0sHfq7DqIN_OSMK2qTFLMwzTg8alvp2oigbd2tz1hXXq-_AoCYJc8pc7/s1000/blizzard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQcHPmd4hvzqo3JO_XqswV8VwKi3YB3uwROdFHYamEt9ug-wObpc9t_CygbRkPHYk88kw-dV5f0TRFtkPujk6h0sHfq7DqIN_OSMK2qTFLMwzTg8alvp2oigbd2tz1hXXq-_AoCYJc8pc7/s320/blizzard.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />The
winter of 1885-1886 was one of the worst in recorded history. Blizzards
and ice brought death and</span> <span style="color: #333333;">destruction throughout
the country. It all began when a rare extratropical cyclone [1] developed in
the northern plains of the United States in late December 1885 and early
January 1886. The Great Plains experienced blizzard conditions, cattle froze to
death and telegraph lines collapsed under the weight of the snow. The cyclone
moved south through Texas before turning east, gaining strength as it moved
into Arkansas. </span><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The
signal service monitoring the weather in the Midwest noted that the front was
heading towards Arkansas and put out an announcement that snow was
coming. Traders on the floor of the cotton exchange in Memphis found the
prediction laughable, and returned a message asking where the “weather clerk
would get his snow.”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">Despite
the scoffs of the cotton traders, as the low-pressure system entered Arkansas,
it dumped massive amounts of snow throughout the northern parts of the state,
with the southern region seeing sleet and freezing rain. As the cyclone
tracked east, it left extreme temperatures in its wake. On the morning of
January 8, Fayetteville reported temperatures of 10 below zero. Subzero
temperatures gripped the city for the next several days. On January 13,
Fayetteville residents awoke to -16 degrees. The editor of the <i>Fayetteville
Democrat</i> apologized for any errors readers might find it the newspaper
because, “Without being prepared for such an emergency it is impossible to work
in a newspaper office with the thermometer 15 degrees below zero.” As far
south as Malvern, the morning temperature on January 10 stood at two
below. At Dardanelle, the number of hogs that died from the cold alarmed
residents who feared that there would be a scarcity of meat to feed its
residents.</span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">The
Arkansas River froze over throughout the state. At Fort Smith, with the
river frozen and the railroad lines blocked by heavy snow, the city was
virtually cut off from the rest of the world. In Little Rock, residents
took advantage of the four-inch-thick ice covering the river to strap on ice
skates and enjoy ice skating. Boats were frozen on the banks of the
river. Those that were able to get out of the city before the great
freeze found themselves moored by ice flows. </span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">By the
first of February, the temperatures began to moderate. It seemed that the
disaster had passed. Unfortunately, this was not so. On February 2,
the snow began to fall again in Fort Smith. By the next evening, the town
was covered in 10 inches of snow, and it continued to fall. The newly
fallen snow snared trains, making travel almost impossible. John Eberle,
traveling from St. Louis to Little Rock, told reporters that “it was the worst
trip he had ever experienced.” Since snows of this magnitude were so
seldom, none of the towns affected owned snowplows and railroads had few plows
allocated to the region, leaving railroad lines impassible. In Little
Rock, streetcar lines were also impassible. City laborers worked
feverishly to clear the lines so that they could resume service. </span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">The
snow blanketed the state. Newport reported 22 inches on the ground;
Judsonia reported 24. The telegraph wire between Pine Bluff and Hot
Springs collapsed. Merchants in farm towns could not receive their daily
market reports from cotton and produce exchanges.</span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">Luckily,
the temperatures accompanying the new blizzard were not as extreme as they had
been in January. Although blanketed under 30-inch snow drifts,
Fayetteville residents enjoyed a balmy 30-degree high temperature on February
3.</span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">The
winter storm was fierce, but some incidents suggested a lighter side. At
Harrison, which had recently allowed saloons in town, the editor of the <i>Banner</i> argued
that the dropping of prohibition laws was the cause for the calamitous weather:
“When the prohibitionists had control of affairs the weather was delightful,
and now look and weep! Ever since the saloons were licensed, we have had
the worst weather that ever cursed the earth.”</span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">In
Harrison, five-year-old Jimmy Nicholson made the common mistake of sticking his
tongue to a wagon wheel. His tongue promptly froze to the wheel leaving
Jimmy trapped. Luckily, his mother spotted the boy in his predicament and
came and saved him, but afterward he “has been suffering with a very sore mouth
ever since.”</span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">Former
governor Powell Clayton had ordered 14 tons of ice from an ice packing company
in Kansas for his newly opened Crescent Hotel in Eureka Springs.
Unfortunately for the former governor, the telegraph operator mistakenly
entered the request as 14 carloads of ice. By the time the last car
arrived, Clayton had 980 tons of ice on his hands. With temperatures
hovering around freezing, the <i>Arkansas Gazette</i> reported that
“the governor will have ice enough to supply the whole city for a while at
least.”</span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">But not
all was levity. Several houses and businesses were destroyed by the
severe weight of the snow. In Charleston, the heavy snow collapsed a mill
house, killing 14-year-old Louis Weaver. E.W. King of Rector, Arkansas,
was enjoying breakfast with his family when his house’s snow-laden roof caved
in. Although King was able to escape with his family, his home was
destroyed.</span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;">As
temperatures continued to warm, the drifts subsided and the crisis began to
pass; melt off was a little higher than usual but in the main, life returned to
normal. By the end of February, people were starting to talk of spring
and planting new crops. What had been one of the worst winters in
Arkansans’ memory began to fade, itself becoming a memory. </span><span style="color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a name="_ftn1"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #333333; padding: 0in;">[1]</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn1;"></span><span style="color: #333333;"> Although
the term is often used to refer to a tornado or waterspout, “cyclone” is also a
general term for a weather system in which winds rotate inwardly to an area of
low atmospheric pressure. In the Northern hemisphere, the circulation
pattern is in a counterclockwise direction. <b>Extratropical cyclones</b> are
low-pressure systems that form outside of the tropics in response to a chronic
instability of the westerly winds. Concentrated regions of temperature change
known as <b>fronts</b> characterize extratropical cyclones.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
<hr align="center" size="1" width="100%" />
</span></span></div><br /></div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-58864045563529277252021-03-04T11:44:00.002-06:002021-03-05T13:38:03.668-06:00Director's Letter by David Ware<p><span style="background-color: white;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhswbeR_T38EGQuCwy_8yd4yzeLCazWwhxEs0PLfEtY-lOxanNz9ZLvnTicP23epYKlpR8yUqEsmF2gMVm8MJ7xYqyQdHl4ejmWcvA0o1jw8G9Y8TqYB2IzY2oIoR4n5ojJICUrXQOOemg-/s1423/David+Ware.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1374" data-original-width="1423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhswbeR_T38EGQuCwy_8yd4yzeLCazWwhxEs0PLfEtY-lOxanNz9ZLvnTicP23epYKlpR8yUqEsmF2gMVm8MJ7xYqyQdHl4ejmWcvA0o1jw8G9Y8TqYB2IzY2oIoR4n5ojJICUrXQOOemg-/s320/David+Ware.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">Iowa-born and </span><span style="color: #333333;">Massachusetts</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;">-based Patty Larkin is one of my favorite singer-songwriters. This afternoon, one of her songs from some twenty-five years ago is running through my head, just a step away from full high fidelity. It’s titled “he Book I’m Not Reading” and it runs down all of the potentials, the things possible, that she knows that she’s missing. The refrain is a wry cry for help:</span><p></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">oh I need someone to read me stories</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">oh someone to turn the page</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">oh the endless quest for love and glory</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">oh does not fade away with age</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span>I confess; I know the feeling.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">I am writing this note in what I would call “shoulder season”—that is, a zone of transition between two things, in this case big, important things. February, which we’re exiting (always seeming to do this a little before time), has been Black History Month, and we are either sliding or floating (depending on how much rain we get) into March, observed nationwide as Women’s History Month. For some days I have been trying to write about one, or the other—"the essay I’m not writing,” anyone?—with little success. Finally, last night, I figured out why I’ve felt stalled, high-centered: the two observances belong together. Each can stand alone, but they complement one another.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Of the two observances, Black History Month has the longer--pardon me—history. Its most prominent parent was the historian Carter G. Woodson, a man of many parts. Woodson made his way as a miner in in the West Virginia coal fields and started high school at the age of 20. He made up for this late start: he received his Bachelor of Literature degree from Berea College, Kentucky, worked and traveled in Asia and Europe and studied at the famed Sorbonne of Paris. In 1908, he received his M.A. from the University of Chicago, and in 1912, he received his Ph.D. in history from Harvard University. Wow.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1915, Woodson traveled to Chicago, to participate in a national celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of emancipation sponsored by the state of Illinois. Inspired by the three-week event, Woodson decided to form an organization to promote study of black life and history before leaving town. On September 9 of that year, Woodson and four associates met at a local YMCA to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). The Association would encourage, promote and publish the work of African American scholars, while urging Black civic organizations to promote the stories unearthed by the researchers.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span>In 1925, Woodson announced a bold plan to create and popularize knowledge about the Black past. He sent out a press release announcing Negro History Week, the first of which would be held in in February 1926. Why February? Woodson tied the week to the birthdates of two American icons: Abraham Lincoln, on the 12th, and Frederick Douglass, on the 14th, both days often celebrated in African American communities around the nation. Woodson built on these existing foundations, inviting the public to extend their study of Black history, increasing chances of acceptance for the new observance.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Woodson’s calculation was apt: response was widespread and positive. Over the next decades the movement grew, far faster than Woodson or the ASNLH (still alive and well, today known as the Association for the Study of African American Life and History) anticipated. In 1976, fifty years after the first celebration, the Association used its influence to promote the transition from a week’s event to a month-long affair, and a change of m=nomenclature, from “Negro History” to “Black History.” Since the mid-1970s, every American president, Democrat and Republican, has issued proclamations endorsing the Association’s annual theme.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 19.5px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">***</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Women’s History Month has a slightly younger pedigree. One version of its origin story, repeated widely, focuses on its legislative history: in 1981, Congress enacted Public Law 97-28 which authorized and requested the President to proclaim the week beginning March 7, 1982 as Women’s History Week. Throughout the next five years, Congress continued to pass joint resolutions designating a week in March as Women’s History Week. </span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">What this doesn’t explain is how the Congress got to this point of action. The answer comes from the far West: In 1978, noting that women’s history was virtually absent in the K-12 curriculum, the Education Task Force of the Sonoma County (California) Commission on the Status of Women initiated a Women’s History Week celebration for 1978. The week around March 8, International Women’s Day, was chosen for the observance, and dozens of schools planned special programs for Women’s History Week. The grand finale was a parade and program held in the center of downtown Santa Rosa, California. The idea spread and in 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued the first presidential proclamation declaring the week of March 8 as National Women’s History Week. From there, it was “on to Congress”—where in 1981 Democratic Representative Barbara Mikulski and Republican Senator Orrin Hatch championed the joint resolution that became P.L. 97-28.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1987, after being petitioned by the National Women’s History Project, Congress struck again, enacting Public Law 100-9 which designated the month of March 1987 as Women’s History Month. Between 1988 and 1994, Congress passed additional resolutions requesting and authorizing the President to proclaim March of each year as Women’s History Month.</span></p><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Since 1995, presidents have issued a series of annual proclamations designating the month of March as Women’s History Month. These proclamations celebrate the contributions women have made to the United States and recognize the specific achievements women have made over the course of American history in a variety of fields and more generally celebrate women’s role in the shaping of this nation.<br />Like the story of Black History Month, this story is much bigger than can be told here. It is less easy to discern a single “parent“ for Women’s History Month, but I have read that the group that planned that first observance in Santa Rosa included a librarian (full disclosure: I am married to a librarian. I tend to look for stories featuring fierce librarians. They’re out there. Fierce archivists, too.) It started small but, like Carter Woodson’s 1925 vision, it was an idea that found its time and way.<br />***<br />It is too easy, particularly in these "covidian" days, to let such observances blend into each other, or even to disappear. During this past year, life and death matters may have distracted many of us from celebrating, or even doing more than minimally acknowledging, these months of recognition. To some, they may even seem to make points so obvious that no one could ignore or object to.<br />But to suggest that these commemorations are no longer needed is, I think, naïve. Even the most basic self-evident truths need repeating, both to catch the ear of new audiences and to remind those who have heard them before both of what they know, and of what they should do. A truth heard often can become a truisim but that does not make it less true, or less necessary. February reminds us that African American history--which is part of the warp of the fabric of our larger national story--matters. The same is true for the month before us: the history of this nation is made of the stories of its whole population, examined, comprehended and cherished in the whole and in its several parts. Months or days honoring particular parts of the society can stand on their own, but the calendar reminds us that they butt up against one another, overlapping, supporting their neighbors, making happy noise but not obscuring what each honors.<br />It is “meet and just” that these two months should be close neighbors; the proximity of the two observations is particularly appropriate. Supporting this notion, I appeal to the authority of activist, author, orator and civil servant Frederick Douglass:<br />"When the true history of the antislavery cause shall be written, women will occupy a large space in its pages, for the cause of the slave has been peculiarly woman's cause....Observing woman's agency, devotion and efficiency in pleading the cause of the slave, gratitude for this high service early moved me to give favorable attention to the subject of what is called "woman's rights" and caused me to be denominated a woman's rights man. I am glad to say I have never been ashamed to be thus designated." --<i style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</i>, 1881 </span></div><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px transparent; color: #333333; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px transparent; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-29066950235491008582021-03-04T11:27:00.006-06:002021-03-05T10:59:41.015-06:00Life in Early 20th Century Piggott Detailed in Letters by Fatme Myuhtar-May<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI3vIy7hOC9l-L3aFT3-mQg2p7NfURYX0zkLTE-9YEkbcDY-WRWQ5s-jHIdH6TgTE9mxNlYv0OPnT6Tb14GW-aOPww_etn9h4T4WiqYN2T3JDnS5dY7TtyMFQ347mYYIKdbSBxdzZ3-mQ0/s1367/Piggotcard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1367" data-original-width="990" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI3vIy7hOC9l-L3aFT3-mQg2p7NfURYX0zkLTE-9YEkbcDY-WRWQ5s-jHIdH6TgTE9mxNlYv0OPnT6Tb14GW-aOPww_etn9h4T4WiqYN2T3JDnS5dY7TtyMFQ347mYYIKdbSBxdzZ3-mQ0/s320/Piggotcard.jpg" /></a></span></div><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NEARA recently acquired a new collection of letters, postcards,
and personal papers belonging to Agnes Johnson (1903-2001) of Piggott,
Arkansas. The collection was formally donated by Agnes’s great-granddaughter,
Bess Wilhelms, but it was her grandchildren Allen Waldo and Lisa Waldo
Wilhelms, who preserved it after Agnes’s death in 2001.<o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit;">Agnes was born in November 1903 in
Stoddard County near Bloomfield, Missouri, to Dr. John Bess and his wife Josie
Lettie Bess. The Bess family moved to Piggott in 1918, when Agnes was 15 years
old and her father set up a veterinary practice in town. Agnes lived in Piggott
for over seventy years, where she went to school, got married and raised a
daughter. It was in Piggott that Agnes wrote and received the letters and
postcards, now in the collections of the Northeast Arkansas State Archives. She
addressed most of them to her only child, Carolyn Bess Waldo and, later, to her
grandchildren Allen and Lisa Waldo of Missouri, as well as to her siblings. In
them she touched on daily life in Piggott and the love she had for her family.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif">In 1924, at the age of 21, Agnes married
Louis Johnson of Piggott; the couple celebrated their 50</span><sup>th</sup><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif"> wedding
anniversary in 1974. According to granddaughter Lisa Wilhelms, Agnes grew up on
a dirt road across the street from Louis, “who eventually would become the love
of her life.” Agnes often told her family the story of how she and Louis “used
to throw a ball across the road and play catch with each other as children.” “Papaw,”
according to Allen Waldo, “was a bricklayer and … [h]e was involved in many of
the brick buildings in and around Piggott.”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Agnes was gainfully employed
outside the home for most of her adult life, too. For over forty years, she worked
in three historically significant department stores in Piggott: Tucker's Grand
Leader, Wall’s Department Store, and Janes’ Department Store. Some of Agnes’s
letters contain small samples of fabric, likely from textiles sold in these
stores, which she showed to her family members in case they wanted a dress or a
quit made from it. According to Lisa’s memories, “she loved working with people
and doing for others,” so her department-store career fit well with her
personality. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif">Agnes also loved quilting and
sewing. “Her talent with the sewing machine was quite impressive,” Lisa recalled.
“I still have a tub of dresses that I wore as a child that she designed,
developed the patterns, and created for me. Each dress was beautifully tailored
and finished.” Apparently, Agnes also designed and sewed her daughter Carolyn’s
wedding dress.</span><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif"> </span><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif">With her sisters, she “created
quilts and afghans from any scrap of material she could find,” with many of the
quilts being “hand sewn and quilted.” Agnes lived through the Great Depression,
so she learned to make use of anything and everything, producing things both
beautiful and useful. “I was always amazed at what she could design and create
with small scraps of fabric, wood, and yarn,” Lisa said. “Every year for
Easter, my brother and I would have beautiful new clothes upon our arrival [in
Piggott from St. Louis] for the holiday.”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit;">Lisa inherited and preserved many
of the quilts her grandmother Agnes made. When Bess Wilhelms – Lisa’s daughter
– first contacted NEARA about donating her great-grandmother’s correspondence,
she also asked if we might be intere</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">sted in her impressive collection of quits.
NEARA is primarily an archive but we put Ms. Wilhelms in touch with a sister
agency, the Historic Arkansas Museum in Little Rock. Currently, Lisa Waldo
Wilhelms, her brother Allen, and her daughter Bess are in contact with museum
staff about donating some of Agnes’s quilt work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit;">Agnes retired in 1969. It was in
her retirement years that her letter-writing burgeoned. Granddaughter Lisa
remembers:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.7pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">She
was devoted to her husband and loved her family, as you can tell from the
number of letters included in the collection. I remember her sitting at her
desk sometimes in the evening writing letters to relatives. When my mother
[Carolyn] … moved “far away” to St. Louis, I think, the letters between them were
even more important to her [Agnes], given the high cost of a long-distance
telephone call.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">For nearly five decades, Agnes
sent and received hundreds of letters and postcards. Many of them are now part
of the <i>Agnes Johnson Papers</i>, preserved at NEARA. A finding aid for the collection
will be available on the Arkansas State Archives’ website in the near future.</span><o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-74601574316763309422021-01-27T15:44:00.001-06:002021-01-28T11:12:54.290-06:00Uncle Frank Part 2 by Jane Wilkerson<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnfSk2H5roOyZQY0Kplu0kcnfyuXh24Ew0ykmjNk2OBpqHKrz8anTaET7vrERaEwUJfDJUGRltBxORFaXFmS-aa8_CVOOf38tNgQNm4MXhrtZp_mS0aIxkgHl76AXYBSPKcvQBKT2o4-pu/s512/genealgogy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnfSk2H5roOyZQY0Kplu0kcnfyuXh24Ew0ykmjNk2OBpqHKrz8anTaET7vrERaEwUJfDJUGRltBxORFaXFmS-aa8_CVOOf38tNgQNm4MXhrtZp_mS0aIxkgHl76AXYBSPKcvQBKT2o4-pu/s320/genealgogy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Throughout my experience with
genealogy, I have learned that no matter how hard one tries, it is almost
impossible to uncover the entire story, at least with a single attempt. It
takes many documents just to get some sense of who our ancestors really were,
as I realized while trying to piece together the story of my third great
grandmother, the mysterious, much-married Millie Miller. The story of my uncle
Robert Franklin “Frank” Browning story was no different. It would come to light
through newspapers, court, and census records, to reveal a complicated life,
one that remains in large part a mystery.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">As readers may recall, in the first
installment, I established that Uncle Frank did time in the Arkansas
penitentiary on a manslaughter conviction. Researching into the 1905 shooting
of the victim, T.W. Midkiff, in the newspapers of the day was only the
beginning. It led me to the realization this was not Browning’s first incident
with the law, and that these troubles were not the only surprises his past
held. So, I resolved to keep going.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The starting point needed to be
with what I knew. Several years previously, I had located and identified my
family on the 1900 Census for White River township, Independence County,
Arkansas. At the time, Frank Browning was living with his siblings and was
employed as the town marshal of Sulphur Rock. If he had been a lawman, I
wondered, what happened? My main goal became to search newspapers between 1900
and 1905 to see when he went from being “the law” to an outlaw. Unfortunately, information
from the local paper was limited: the <i>Batesville Guard</i> was spotty, issues
were missing<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, but
I had a nearby backstop: the <i>Newport Daily Independent.</i> The papers published
a daily edition so, give or take, I would be looking through as many as 365
days of newspapers per year, ones averaging six pages per issue. Papers
promised to take a good while, but there was a bonus: I might be able to pick
up information on other relatives while looking for “Uncle Frank.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">Happily, at least
for me, it did not take long for Frank Browning to make his appearance in the <a name="_Hlk58924725"><i>Newport Daily Independent</i></a><i>.</i> On March 25,
1900, during the period in which he served as Sulphur Rock’s town marshal, he
was accused of murder in Newport. Apparently, while Browning (as reported by
the newspaper) visited a honkytonk in Newport’s thriving tenderloin district,
he shot and killed Fred Stievater, a freight brakeman on the St. Louis & Iron
Mountain railway. As would be the case in the 1905 incident, whiskey seems to
have been involved. Browning quickly pled guilty but claimed that he had acted
in self-defense; he was sentenced to one hour in the Arkansas State
Penitentiary. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Over the next couple of years
Browning appears to have stayed out of trouble, but by 1903 he again found
himself on the wrong side of the law. In July, Browning was charged with
assault against one V.G. Richards. Both men were charged and Browning pled
guilty but stated that Richards was the aggressor. The next incident for
Browning came in October. He got into a drunken brawl at Batesville, which
resulted in Bragg Kimbrough’s face being slashed several times with a knife. By
now I had gathered enough information to tell me that Frank Browning’s actions
were not out of the ordinary for him, especially when alcohol was involved. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Since I was having such success
with the newspapers, it seemed wise to continue, not just looking for Uncle
Frank, but also for other relatives. I switched my focus to the <i>Batesville
Daily Guard</i> and continued until 1920. Keep in mind that this searching was
done before digitized papers were made available online. I spent many of my
Saturdays off at the Archives, trolling through page after microfilmed page. These
fishing expeditions paid off; the information was rewarding. During this period
both of my great grandfathers, George Washington “Wash” Browning (Frank’s
brother) and Charles F. Cole ran for state and county offices, so I learned
about their campaigns. It also gave me an opportunity to spot and jot down mentions
of relatives who appeared in the society section or the community news. These
mentions, brief though they were, gave me insight in their everyday lives. But best
of all, I uncovered leads as to Frank Browning’s life after he was pardoned by Acting
Governor X.O. Pindall in April 1908. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Frank or the family were not
mentioned in the papers anymore that year after the pardon, so I began to
wonder if he had returned to or remained in the area. The <i>Batesville Daily
Guard </i>did not yield anything at the beginning of 1909, so I thought about
giving up, until I scanned the April 10 issue. “Wash Browning…who has been
employed in Louisiana for several months, returned to his home.…” Wow: I had
never known that my great grandfather was in Louisiana. This tidbit encouraged
me to continue and it paid off. The April 28 issue reported that “Wash
Browning…was in the city Tuesday and subscribed for the Guard, to send to his
brother, Frank Browning, who is now in New Mexico.” With this, I picked up the
trail again. Without this news item a brief bit in the local news column, my
search would have ended, but now I had a new place to look for my troubled
uncle. I could follow up with the 1910 United States Census for New Mexico and
see what he was up to!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, I did.
In the hamlet of Otto, Santa Fe County, New Mexico, I found Frank Browning listed
as a general farmer. But—he was no ex-Arkansas bachelor farmer: he had a
family. Listed in the household with him were his wife Sally and stepdaughters
Mandy and Verdie Montgomery. Who were these people?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As I mentioned in the first article, Lilly
Owens had been his only wife, or so I was told. Had I opened a can of
worms?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">To figure out the situation, I
returned to the basic principle of genealogy: start with what you know and work
backwards! From the census schedule, I learned that that Sally and her daughter
were all born in Missouri. This pointed me to the 1900 Census for Missouri. Were
they there? They were indeed. I found Amanda “Mandy” and Verdie Montgomery with
their grandmother Nancy Donison in Castor, Stoddard County, Missouri. The
relationship was sealed when on the 1880 Census they were reported as together,
with Sally, and living in the same place. The only difference was that Sally gave
the enumerator her formal name, Sarah. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">At this point there were two
questions going through my mind: Where was Sally in 1900<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
and why was this marital detour important to the story of my uncle Frank? The
thing that sparked the next move was recognizing that Dexter, the town from
which Frank Browning sent the infamous telegram (see the previous instalment of
this column for details) is also in Stoddard County, Missouri. Was he
contacting Sally Montgomery at the time?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Where they already married? A little more digging in the 1900 United
State Census led me to Sally Montgomery living in a boarding house at 113 Plum
Street in Newport, Jackson County, Arkansas. She was listed as a widow and
working as a cook. Later, when going back through the <i>Newport Daily
Independent, </i>I found in the February 3, 1904 issue a marriage notice for
Sallie Montgomery, listing Dexter, Missouri as her place of residence. Now the
pieces started to come together: Chances were good that Sally and Frank met in
or around Jackson County, Arkansas. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">From here my search went back to
the <i>Batesville Daily Guard </i>and I picked up my reading again, starting
with May 1909. Up until 1917, news on Frank Browning was missing (although this
disappointment was mitigated by finding reports of other family members’ activities
and shenanigans). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That year, however, he
reappeared in a local brief in March, which reported that his nephew Jeff
Browning was going out to New Mexico for a visit. Later in the year, the paper
reported, Frank returned to Batesville for good. He came home alone, though;
what had happened to his wife and stepdaughters? There was no mention in the
paper of what happened to them and of course, my family was as far as I knew
ignorant of this episode in Frank’s life. Had they died, or simply moved on?
That would haunt me, until thanks to <i>Chronicling America’</i>s online,
searchable newspapers,<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
I got a hint of what happened to one of his stepdaughters. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">In the August 11, 1918 <i>Tombstone
Epitaph</i>, Tombstone, Arizona Frank Browning was mentioned as the stepfather
of Amanda Courtesy Montgomery, 25, formerly of Dexter, Missouri. She had been a
witness in a United States District Court trial against one Frank Whitt. Whitt
was charged with “white slavery” under the Mann Act, for transporting
Montgomery from Arizona to New Mexico. After her testimony, which apparently
had exonerated Whitt, Montgomery was charged with perjury. To escape charges,
she attempted suicide by taking 24 mercury tablets. Browning was notified that
Montgomery was in critical condition and not expected to live. The newspaper article
revealed that Browning offered to pay $100 of her medical bills if she lived,
but nothing toward her funeral were she to die. She ultimately did pass, so
presumably my Uncle Frank was not “out” the $100. This story, appearing far
from where I would have expected Frank’s name to surface, demonstrates the
potential of patiently “trolling” for family history treasures: it illuminates
Frank Browning’s western life and suggests a certain hardness in his character.
It also raises the question of when he moved home to Arkansas: in the story, he
is described as being “of New Mexico” in the fall of 1918, a year after the
Batesville paper reported him returning to Arkansas. Hmm! The story also leaves questions unanswered: Was
Amanda’s mother Sally deceased at the time, since it was the sister, rather
than mother Sally, who was contacted by the authorities? And, the <i>Epitaph</i>
story notes that “the circumstances of her marriage to Montgomery are not
known,” suggesting that Amanda was thought to be a married woman.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0.5in;">Through this and
other research I truly learned to appreciate the value of trolling—or, perhaps,
“strolling”-- through local newspapers. Most of the time, genealogists focus on
spotting marriage announcements or obituaries, but there is so much more, buried
in the local columns. Without each news blurb and occasional articles, I would
not have been able to fill in even a little of a 20-year period of Frank
Browning’s life. Combing through newspapers also allowed me to find out about
other family members. Traditionally, many of the Archives’ patrons have been
family historians, patiently reading microfilm, but I’ll be the first to admit
that things have gotten a little easier, particularly if one is researching
late 19</span><sup style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0.5in;">th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0.5in;">-century or early 20</span><sup style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0.5in;">th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0.5in;">-century ancestors; the
next time you want to read an Arkansas (or another state’s) newspapers, looking
for ancestors, visit </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0.5in;">Chronicling America</i><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: 0.5in;"> from the comfort of your home.
The site is free to the public and brought to you by the Arkansas State
Archives through a grant from the National Endowment of the Humanities and
Library of Congress. Or, visit our research room to browse the largest
collection of Arkansas newspapers in the State and talk with our experienced
staff about other resources to explore. Who knows what you may discover? </span></p><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Many of the early issues for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Batesville
Guard</i> did not survive for the Arkansas State Archives to microfilm. The
Independence County Historical Society most graciously let the archives borrow
them in the early 2000s for a second filming. Newspapers are acidic and breaks
down quickly, so it is difficult to put them in permanent storage. A side note:
when organizing the papers for filming this writer discovered many of the early
issues came from the home of my great grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles F.
Cole.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
One might ask, what about Sally’s whereabouts in 1890?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The answer, or lack of it, has to do with the
destruction of almost all of the U.S. Census schedules for 1890 in a 1921 fire
at the Commerce Department building in Washington D.C. A few counties’ records
survived the blaze but none with a bearing on this story.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""></a><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-112368057595032702021-01-27T14:39:00.000-06:002021-01-27T14:39:11.041-06:00African American Migration in Arkansas, Where Did My People go?<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg71tjc4mfNCgYFly-8MBzmMwOinxvWf23JI9Pf19gs52LEHNPJFGfYOrUldcecDHgvdmg93dRP8nOUWFMLqCJuSAvvPdx4VzS0c_ELAyT7xYNkvzuV4MeE1RXcbUa33v3mtd_V_iSB-PKN/s1600/African-American-family-South-Chicago-1922.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1264" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg71tjc4mfNCgYFly-8MBzmMwOinxvWf23JI9Pf19gs52LEHNPJFGfYOrUldcecDHgvdmg93dRP8nOUWFMLqCJuSAvvPdx4VzS0c_ELAyT7xYNkvzuV4MeE1RXcbUa33v3mtd_V_iSB-PKN/s320/African-American-family-South-Chicago-1922.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Black History Commission of Arkansas and the
Arkansas State Archives will be hosting a virtual symposium on Saturday, February
6, via Zoom from 9:45AM until 1PM. The
symposium’s theme is: “African American Migration in Arkansas, Where Did My
People go?” Presenters will be Dr. Brian K. Mitchell of the University of
Arkansas-Little Rock and Dr. <span style="color: #373737;">Story Matkin-Rawn and </span>Dr.
Kenneth Barnes of the University of Central Arkansas.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Topics include: “<i>African Americans, Arkansas, and
the Other Great Migration 1865-1920”; “Any Place but Here: The 1860 Expulsion
of Free Blacks from Arkansas”</i> and</span><i><span style="line-height: 115%;"> "Arkansas's African Migration Movement in the late
1800s."</span></i><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This event is part of an ongoing series of symposiums
and other events sponsored by the Black History Commission of Arkansas. The
mission of the Commission is to collect materials pertaining to African
American history for the Arkansas State Archives, to encourage research of the
state's African American history, and to cooperate with the Arkansas Department
of Education to develop materials that support the teaching of African American
history in our public schools.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The symposium will be available for sign-in beginning
at 09:30 AM Central Time (US and Canada), with presentations beginning at
09:45. Advance registration is required and is limited to 100 participants;
register here:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #0070c0; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">https://zoom.us/meeting/register/tJcvc-ChpzwqHtanS_F4W3m-hNNNAHDSQraJ<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Arkansas
State Archives is an agency of the Division of Arkansas Heritage. Established
in 1905, it collects, preserves and makes available a wealth of materials documenting
Arkansas’s past, including the largest extant collection of Arkansas newspapers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The State Archives is located in Little Rock
and operates two branch facilities, the Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives in
Powhatan (Lawrence County) and the Southwest Arkansas Regional Archives in
Washington (Hempstead County). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The symposium is open to all; teachers may earn up to three
professional development hours through attendance. The symposium is free to
attend but advance registration is required. For more registration or other information
about the symposium contact Tatyana Oyinloye, Coordinator of African American
History Programs at: </span><a href="mailto:Tatyana.oyinloye@arkansas.gov"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Tatyana.oyinloye@arkansas.gov</span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;">
or call 501-682-6900.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-35559527881677271972021-01-27T13:59:00.002-06:002021-01-28T11:10:57.890-06:00Letters to Santa by Brian Irby <p> by Brian Irby</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtazquApn5x-AdxAKjAo2yR6QXao-AGxuObi40Gg6u3dGNOqtpQ8B-K1oYj63DaQ7RBAQKRBZAnymQdQn6i7U-7BFRZSbUC9b6b88Ey4-LQc7g572CWeK90A_YT98tAiMkNZtrOqfpi8Cz/s2048/Santa+Letters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1539" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtazquApn5x-AdxAKjAo2yR6QXao-AGxuObi40Gg6u3dGNOqtpQ8B-K1oYj63DaQ7RBAQKRBZAnymQdQn6i7U-7BFRZSbUC9b6b88Ey4-LQc7g572CWeK90A_YT98tAiMkNZtrOqfpi8Cz/s320/Santa+Letters.jpg" /></a></div>In the 1880s, many newspapers began publishing letters to
Santa Claus from local children. The
idea was that the children would write to Santa about all the things they
wanted for Christmas, and Santa, who happened to be a subscriber to the local
paper, would bring those toys to the children on Christmas day. The <i>Arkansas Gazette</i> in giving mailing
information for the letters reminded children, “It is the best way for them to
get him to bring them what they want.”
Newspapers across the state were flooded with letters.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some kids were struggling with whether Santa was real or not,
but wrote in anyway, just in case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
1896, Jack Mitchell in Little Rock, despite all the teasing he had gotten from
older boys who told him Santa was not real, continued to believe in the Jolly
Old Elf, “because everything I ask for you always bring it to me.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bessie Deshon of Little Rock had no doubt
whether Santa was real or not, but worried that he might get her confused with
someone else or forget who she is and make the mistake of bringing her the same
thing he brought her last year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also
gave him a choice on how to enter her house on Christmas Eve, down the chimney,
through the window, or through the door, “these three are at your
disposal.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In case he decided on the chimney,
Bessie promised to make sure that her dad did not have a fire in the fireplace
that night.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguID5Gh6t3BnOFlxZ1kJySVt_KMcphfjPQIaTWZb0ebj_4tqWEweyb7IbfoD7TJWsw6BBJiOLAT2jcJKyGwgqGaxAC2tT9RyI0qUtagGIWXDxRQxRDgoD2iG8krv9FFQjWVQmmJrs2s-1v/s2048/santalettersdemgaz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1629" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguID5Gh6t3BnOFlxZ1kJySVt_KMcphfjPQIaTWZb0ebj_4tqWEweyb7IbfoD7TJWsw6BBJiOLAT2jcJKyGwgqGaxAC2tT9RyI0qUtagGIWXDxRQxRDgoD2iG8krv9FFQjWVQmmJrs2s-1v/s320/santalettersdemgaz.jpg" /></a></div><br />Some kids had to deal with parents who just did not
understand the magic of the season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Birdie Robinson wrote to Santa care of the <i>Arkansas Gazette </i>to complain
about her mother not putting up a tree: “Mama says that it will make her floor
dirty.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite this, Birdie seemed to
take after her mother’s fastidious tidiness, asking Santa for a wash tub,
clothes pins, and a clothes wringer.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Alvin Roy Solomon in Helena, wrote to Santa in 1899 that if
Santa brought him all that he asked for, Alvin’s father, who was a tailor,
“will make you a nice overcoat to keep you warm all the winter.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Many times, what the children wrote to ask for were
questionable items.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For instance, Eddie
Retchum of Little Rock wrote in 1892 that he wanted Santa to bring him a box of
cigars and a diamond ring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eddie
finished his letter with, “I seen you when you lived in Morrilton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I did.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Most children wanted fireworks for Christmas, including three year old
Noah Young of Little Rock who wished for them in the midst of his oranges and
candy in 1911.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thad MacDonald, a
five-year-old in Fort Smith, wrote in 1904 that he did not want any fireworks, since
“I can get them at the store any time.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA7JZNVoBlenfzoGTpur9pI4aR5Q-0wXNppQIRG2brXGq3nQ1pPCq5zpBSAh8in-4yEbnM8ssbs2TjoMkd0_rJw6ekHooEtvGYQdenYxvqH8zN6nFoX63Q_avwexgx0AY9Yfi8g_svKkQU/s2048/santalettersnewspaper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1211" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA7JZNVoBlenfzoGTpur9pI4aR5Q-0wXNppQIRG2brXGq3nQ1pPCq5zpBSAh8in-4yEbnM8ssbs2TjoMkd0_rJw6ekHooEtvGYQdenYxvqH8zN6nFoX63Q_avwexgx0AY9Yfi8g_svKkQU/s320/santalettersnewspaper.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />In 1900, George and Jay Sloan of Pine Bluff promised to be
extra good, if only temporarily: “Now Santa Claus we will try and be good boys
and not build any more fires or chase the calf nor dig any more bricks out of
the walk until after Christmas.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John
Bell Duckworth promised to take a bath on Christmas day and, in order to do so,
asked for two hundred feet of hose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
did not explain why he needed such an inordinate amount of hose, but he did
finish his letter by saying that he was cash strapped and asked Santa to leave
him a five dollar bill.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Frank R. Timmus of Little Rock worried that his political
leanings might prevent him from receiving presents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in the
1892 presidential election, but his mother told him that Santa was a
Republican.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“I hope you are a good
Democrat,” he wrote to Santa, “and will bring me a drum, train of cars, cannon,
fire engine, bicycle, candies, fruits and nuts, and anything else you may think
of.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And if you are not of our party, I
hope you will think as kindly of me as you can.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Often the letters were quite somber.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An 1896 letter from John Lawrence Fein of
Little Rock recalled that the last Christmas was quite sad with the passing of
his sister Agnes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Letters from the
Children’s Home orphanage were especially poignant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A little boy named Paul wrote Santa to ask if
he had any new mamas: “I want one.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Frances Lockhart wrote to Santa in December 1917 about her
father who was serving as a chaplain at Camp Pike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“We are more lonely now than ever before,”
she fretted, “because our Papa has gone to the army and we won’t have him with
us any more till this war is over.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not
only were the children asking for their fathers and mothers who had gone off to
war to return, many of those soldiers also wrote to Santa asking for the same
thing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robert G. Allen, Jr., a second
lieutenant in the army wrote, “To Genial S. Claus: Please, sir, if it can
conveniently be arranged, sir, Lieutenant Allen, sir, would like very much,,
sir, to have a discharge, sir.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Often the letters took on a humanitarian streak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>World War I had created a humanitarian crisis
in Europe as refugees streamed across the continent in the wake of the
war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These refugees were very much on
the minds of many children in Arkansas, who wrote to Santa to ask for him to
help them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Martha and Emma Lee Schen
wrote in 1918 asking Santa to “visit the little Belgian children with lots of
nice things.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Erlean Wyatt of Batesville
echoed Martha and Emma’s pleas: “Dear Santa, while I am happy I think of the
dear little children across the waters where this terrible war is, who are so
sad and to think they will not have our good Santa Claus in their homes this
Christmas.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paulean Wyatt of Rosie,
Arkansas, joined in to ask Santa to intervene for the “little children in
France, Italy, Germany, Russia and all the other countries where the little
children are so sad.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wish I could help
them all.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Occasionally, new technology would creep into the
letters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The craze for listening to
recorded music was reflected in the letter from Batesville’s Edna Lance, who
wrote in 1920 about her love for the Victrola.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She promised Santa that if he stayed a while after delivering the
presents, Edna would play some of her new Victrola records for him.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These letters are a unique snapshot of life over a century
ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What they reveal is that kids have
changed little over the past 120 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-66416492314935851712021-01-27T13:50:00.002-06:002021-02-10T08:52:43.120-06:00Eradicating the Cattle Tick Proved Controversial by Brian Irby<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhkPi58QGjB0btaS8ONfV0w70-csRocEd8FXdvuCiDdnm-bRTWVev-fdxtreW_NiEq6Kz-2ibZ44yP2loF9rj3pa__nW2lwrG_3I_BlQivzBOL87Sqf_dvRY3fHwVZ4o-Wg-bAezD_r9cg/s2048/cattle.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1302" data-original-width="2048" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhkPi58QGjB0btaS8ONfV0w70-csRocEd8FXdvuCiDdnm-bRTWVev-fdxtreW_NiEq6Kz-2ibZ44yP2loF9rj3pa__nW2lwrG_3I_BlQivzBOL87Sqf_dvRY3fHwVZ4o-Wg-bAezD_r9cg/w347-h220/cattle.jpg" width="347" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1866, Texas cattlemen herding their cattle into Missouri
and Kansas found themselves under scrutiny. Missouri and Kansas cattlemen
complained that the Texas cattle brought with them a disease they called Texas </span><a style="font-family: inherit;">Fever</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">.
The disease was mysterious, with no known cause, but it was devastating to the
cattle herds, spreading </span><a style="font-family: inherit;">quickly</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">and proving to be fatal to most infected animals. By the middle 1880s, some
scientists believed that the disease was caused by a parasite found in the
blood of infected cattle. Others speculated that the disease was the result of
cattle eating garbage while being transported to farms. In 1892, researchers
made another </span><a style="font-family: inherit;">discovery</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">:
The parasite was transmitted from cow to cow by ticks. </span><a style="font-family: inherit;">The disease’s scientific name was <i>bovine
babesiosis</i>. The parasite attacked the red blood cells of cattle, causing
anemia, fever, and then death. </a><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Veterinary scientists noted that the major outbreaks could
be found along most train routes that ran from the southern United States into
the Midwest. Other than disinfecting the train cars and removing infected
cattle from common grazing areas, they were at a loss as to how to curb the
spread of the disease. Treatments for infected cattle often included quinine or
a mixture of <a style="mso-comment-date: 20201222T1442; mso-comment-reference: DW_5;">digitalis
and whiskey</a>,
but they were rarely successful. In 1906 alone, the United States Department of
Agriculture estimated that over four and a half million cows were infected east
of the Mississippi, with another eleven million infections west of the river. The
cost to the cattle industry was estimated by the Bureau of Animal Industry (an
agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture) to be around $40,000,000 annually.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Strangely, observers noted that Texas Fever was more
prevalent in areas where fewer ticks were found, instead of in areas overrun
with them. This meant that in areas with a higher number of ticks, the cattle
had already been infected and recovered, giving them immunity to Texas Fever. Additionally,
veterinary experts also discovered that most southern cattle had likely been
exposed to Texas Fever as calves and were now immune. Unfortunately, cattle in
the north part of the state and into the Midwest had not had the disease and
were susceptible to catching it from ticks transported with southern cattle. This
led the federal agricultural department to designate a quarantine of southern
cattle below the Missouri state line. For Arkansas cattle growers, this meant
that it was difficult to sell their cattle north to the lucrative beef markets
in the upper Midwest, a circumstance that cost <a style="mso-comment-date: 20201222T1445; mso-comment-reference: DW_6;">them thousands of dollars a year</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1891, the federal government took action to prevent the
spread of the disease. The United States Department of Agriculture established
a quarantine zone that stretched from the southern border of Kansas to Virginia.
The new law prevented cattle from being shipped north via train unless it was
for immediate slaughter. There were exceptions to the law, however. Cattle that
bore a certificate that they had been dipped and were tick free might be
transferred north without any restrictions. In Arkansas, the state government
also established quarantines to protect areas of the state. One such quarantine
line was created along the state’s western border to prevent cattle from Indian
Territory (present day Oklahoma) from entering the state.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The quarantines were not always effective, however. A cattle
inspector found infected cattle in 1906 in Benton County, despite the
quarantine against cattle from Indian Territory. After an investigation, he
hypothesized that cattle from Indian Territory were being smuggled into
Missouri. Since there was no law preventing Missouri cattle from entering
Arkansas, it was easy for cattlemen to then sneak infected cattle into Arkansas.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Because of the difficulty in keeping infected cattle from
slipping through the quarantine lines, officials with the state Department of Agriculture
argued that the only real effective means of ending the problem was to
establish a tick eradication program. In July 1906, agents began a state
program to eradicate ticks in Arkansas. As part of this program, agents from
the Bureau of Animal Industry began holding educational meetings for cattle
growers around Arkansas. They explained that the tick was the real menace and
discussed methods to eradicate the ticks from cattle. As they traveled the
state, they also inspected the local cattle. They found that of the 7,474 cows
they inspected, 1,481 were infested with ticks. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Despite the educational efforts, many cattle growers
remained skeptical about the cause of the Texas fever. Many still believed it
was a matter of keeping grazing areas clean of rubbish. A Bureau of Animal
Industry agent lamented, “It is easy to be seen that the carelessness or
indifference of one man may counteract the work of all.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The quarantine laws allowed for areas to be removed from the
restrictions if inspectors were not able to find any ticks and thus declared the
area clear of danger. This would place the area above the quarantine line,
allowing them to sell their cattle without restriction and also prevent
infected cattle from coming into their area. This proved an effective incentive
for local ranchers to be vigilant about following established government
guidelines for tick eradication. H.H. Perkins of Marion County urged his fellow
cattle growers to abide by the law and to work to get rid of ticks in the
county. “Think of what this would be worth to the cattle owners of Marion
county [sic], not only in the freedom of our access to market, but in
protection against infected cattle being driven into the county from the south
as has been done in the past, for the government would maintain a rigid quarantine
against that just as it does against us taking cattle into Missouri without
their undergoing inspection. Let’s get above the quarantine line,” he pleaded. Despite
his urgings, the county remained under quarantine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">An early remedy for killing the ticks was to smear crude oil
over the cow’s legs and sides, causing the tick to suffocate and die. Cattle
growers used this method twice a week on their herds. Another method was to put
a sulphur mixture on the cow. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1909, the state legislature passed a law to make
inspections in quarantine areas mandatory. If the inspector found infected
cattle or ticks on cattle, he was required to treat the animal to remove any of
the ticks. Anyone who attempted to avoid having his cattle inspected was
subject to a fine ranging from $25 up to $500. To pay for the eradication
program, the legislature levied a tax of five cents per cow.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">By 1913, three fourths of the state remained under
quarantine. Inspectors continued to find cattle throughout the state infested
with ticks. John Page, Commissioner of the Bureau of Animal Industry, estimated
that the ongoing presence of ticks cost the state of Arkansas $2,225,000
annually. In reflecting on the loss of money to the state, he argued, “Just
think of it: Enough money to buy winter shoes for all the children of
Arkansas!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enough to buy a dress for all
the mothers in Arkansas!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Enough to place
a Bible and a spelling book in the hands of every man, woman, and child in
Arkansas!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What a toll we are paying for
our neglect in not getting rid of the pest.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His solution was to build dipping vats in all the counties of Arkansas
so that every cow could be dipped in a solution called Kil-Tik to kill all the
ticks in the state. Around the state, counties banded together to establish
eradication districts, whereby they would pool monetary resources to pay for
the erection of dipping vats around the district. This proved to be an
effective means of paying for building the vats. By the end of 1914, there were
200 dipping vats in operation in Arkansas. Areas in which a vat operated
witnessed a noticeable drop in the infection rate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">However, many cattle growers remained skeptical of the
program. Rumors circulated that the solutions used in the vats were harmful to
cattle. Skeptics claimed that dipping cattle caused them to die or greatly
reduced the amount of milk given by dairy cows. J.R. Seales, a farmer in Cabot,
wrote to the <i>Arkansas Gazette</i> claiming that the compulsory dipping laws
were an undue burden on farmers who had to carry much of the cost of the
eradication program. Additionally, two of his cattle had died recently, “cause
unknown, but I can’t help believing the dipping is responsible.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Often this skepticism took the form of violence as some
cattle growers resisted local laws requiring them to dip their cattle. Scores
of dipping vats were dynamited under the veil of darkness across the state. Three
vats were destroyed in Faulkner County in the summer of 1917. That same week,
someone scooped the solution out of the vat in Rosebud in White County and pitched
it into the White River. A few weeks later, in Little Rock, person or persons
unknown destroyed a vat just east of Forest Park.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Worried about the rise in violent opposition to dipping
cattle, several cattlemen organized security guards to watch vats at night. Sometimes
even this did not prevent destruction of the vats. In August 1916, in Barber,
Arkansas, a small hamlet in Sebastian County, L. Pyles was entrusted to guard
the local vat following the destruction of another vat earlier that month but
was called away by an emergency on his farm. While he was away, P. Moore, a
critic of dipping vats, quickly blew up Barber’s vat. Fort Smith law
enforcement brought out bloodhounds to search for the culprit and followed a
trail to Moore’s house where he was arrested. Opposition continued into 1918
when four vats were destroyed in a single night near Mena. Anti-dippers also
burned down the houses of those who had been vocal in their support of the
program.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In addition to the work of law enforcement to prevent damage
to dipping vats, the Bureau of Animal Industry stepped up its educational work.
They urged private citizens to build their own vats and dip their cattle to
demonstrate to neighbors and skeptics that doing so does not harm their
livestock. Additionally, farmers were concerned about the lack of funds
available to both build sturdy dipping vats and purchase the dipping solution. State
agriculture officials appointed W.A. Denman, a specialist in tick eradication,
to travel the state visiting local businessmen with the hopes of raising the
money needed to build dipping vats and purchase solution. His travels were
successful. In Arkadelphia, he encouraged the Arkansas Lumber and Supply
Company to furnish timber and concrete at cost for the project. Other
businessmen in other parts of the state followed suit, and soon more vats sprang
up across the state. In Jefferson County, several farmers created the “Dip the
Tick” educational program to instruct fellow cattle raisers on how to eradicate
the ticks. Even with the efforts of the private sector, money again became
scarce in 1916. United States Congressman Henderson Jackoway pledged federal
aid to the program. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Despite the opposition to dipping cattle, the program seemed
to work. Most cattlemen took part in the program without protest and by 1921, inspectors
declared the tick eradicated in half of the state. By 1928, most of the state
was released from quarantine, and the cattle tick was declared officially
eradicated by 1943.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element: comment-list;"><!--[if !supportAnnotations]-->
<hr align="left" class="msocomoff" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div style="mso-element: comment;"><!--[if !supportAnnotations]-->
<div class="msocomtxt" id="_com_1" language="JavaScript"><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-comment-author: "David Ware"; mso-comment-providerid: AD; mso-comment-userid: "S\:\:David\.Ware\@arkansas\.gov\:\:07ca6e21-304e-4362-8a97-65886764d09b";"><!--[if !supportAnnotations]--><a name="_msocom_1"></a><!--[endif]--></span>
</span><p class="MsoCommentText"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"> </span></span></span></p></div></div><div style="mso-element: comment;"><div class="msocomtxt" id="_com_6" language="JavaScript">
<!--[if !supportAnnotations]--></div>
<!--[endif]--></div>
</div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-65072018154432763712021-01-27T11:35:00.001-06:002021-01-28T11:10:20.447-06:00The Story of Austin the Slave and the Antebellum Court System in Arkansas by Fatme Myuhar-May<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAy6u8K6x3fnm4qIooKIiFBH-vWZKx372HN_J36aH2s_Qxk7iz0csyubjXsJp40KhK8_xCJyGDeedUqKXYpdz4KiV1NEP2qewRgs54C7SKVmk7CwyxeCCQe1hPcAJ_tSKs-E6AyUMceDx6/s2048/Austin+Indictment+p1.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1352" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAy6u8K6x3fnm4qIooKIiFBH-vWZKx372HN_J36aH2s_Qxk7iz0csyubjXsJp40KhK8_xCJyGDeedUqKXYpdz4KiV1NEP2qewRgs54C7SKVmk7CwyxeCCQe1hPcAJ_tSKs-E6AyUMceDx6/s320/Austin+Indictment+p1.tif" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Austin's Indictment page 1</td></tr></tbody></table>Austin was a young slave of no more than twenty years of age, who
was owned by Benjamin Watson from Independence County, Arkansas. On August 2,
1853 – a Tuesday – Austin and Watson “had a <i>conversation</i>, in which the
slave <i>talked improperly</i> to his master,” according to a court file
preserved at NEARA. The court records do not elaborate on the precise way Austin
was improper with his master. However, one can reasonably assume that a minor
verbal objection, a slightly raised voice, or a simple “haughty” gesture on the
part a slave would have struck any slave owner as impertinent and punishment
worthy. After all, antebellum southern society expected slaves to be completely
obedient to their masters and not give the slightest impression of
insubordination. Thus, enforcing obedience in the private as well as the public
realm was critically important because the preservation of the slave system depended
on it. To that end, both slave masters and the courts endeavored to instill
fear of severe punishment, including death, in slaves, to protect the <i>status
quo</i>. The Arkansas Supreme Court, in the case of <i>Austin, a Slave v. the
State of Arkansas</i>, asserted as much: “In preserving this lawful
subordination upon which the best interests of the community, of the master and
of the slave so radically depend, every citizen in common with the master has
an abiding interest.” The antebellum courts, therefore, functioned to enforce
that subordination to preserve the system of slavery, not to mete out justice,
when it came to slaves. The story of Austin, who committed a murder in
self-defense, exemplifies that fundamental role of the judiciary.<a href="file:///C:/Users/meg.matthews/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/2FMGXS6C/fatmes%20story%20for%20january%202020%20Austin%20The%20Slave%20(Fatme%20Myuhtar-May).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjKkDxE_bpffPSz4XGXglpoveen0GehyphenhyphenZpnG4s_UhvqAtdbDI7mf5eMd24GWbYd9ErDYqQE2TnuiQQrDUb8LxEVWFMaMc2iJNd807YGuL4Or5G6U_gZmBa04OxP_BxmCJdIdb9n_9K7In/s2048/Austin+Indcitment+p2.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1160" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGjKkDxE_bpffPSz4XGXglpoveen0GehyphenhyphenZpnG4s_UhvqAtdbDI7mf5eMd24GWbYd9ErDYqQE2TnuiQQrDUb8LxEVWFMaMc2iJNd807YGuL4Or5G6U_gZmBa04OxP_BxmCJdIdb9n_9K7In/s320/Austin+Indcitment+p2.tif" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Austin's Indictment page 2</td></tr></tbody></table>On the night following the
“conversation” with his master, Austin expected to be whipped or otherwise punished
by Watson for his perceived impudence. To protect his body and dignity, Austin brought
a stick with him from the fields, when he returned from ploughing. Upon
entering his designated quarters at Watson’s place, he told his wife – most
likely a slave woman also owned by Watson – that “they were going to take him
[beat him], but that he would not be taken by his master or anybody else.”
Austin further told her that “he would knock the first man down that came into
the room.” After dinner, he went out into the yard with the stick in his hand,
which he propped “upon the yard fence,” and “picked up another stick” from the
yard to defend himself against potential assault. It seems abundantly clear
from his actions that Austin fully expected to be attacked that night.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the evening, Benjamin Watson went
on his rounds of inspecting the premises “where the schoolboys and hirelings
were.” Austin steered clear of his master by “le[aving] his own room and [going]
to the chimney corner of the dwelling house” in an apparent effort to avoid a
confrontation.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The
next morning, August 3, 1853, the young slave “went to mill” as expected, but
upon returning, he “bundled up his clothes and took them away.” Later, the
courts would interpret Austin’s action as an intent to run away, and perhaps he
was indeed preparing to flee if he feared for his life. For the rest of the
day, however, the young slave went about his business by getting “some tubs as
he was ordered to do,” and by going “to the woods for some hoop poles as he was
[also] ordered to do by a witness, [a hireling] … who was doing some work for
Watson, the master….” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It was during the time that Austin
was harvesting hoop poles in the woods that Mrs. Watson, “the wife of the
master, had sent a message to her husband … to the effect that [Austin] had run
away.” Thus, while Watson was organizing for the pursuit of a runaway, Austin
emerged “from the woods with some hoop poles—and an axe in his hand.” He had
not fled, after all. At this point, at least three men – including Watson – advanced
toward Austin “for the purpose, as expressed by Watson, of correcting him.” One
of the assailants was Hiram Payne, a local white man, and an associate of
Watson’s. According to the Arkansas Supreme Court’s summary of the event, “when
Watson and these others approached the appellant [Austin], … he retreated but
they overtook him in the road and ordered him to lay down his axe[.]” Austin “refused,
and said that he would not be whipped by Watson or anybody else.” He also
warned his attackers that he “would kill the first man that attempted to take
him.” He then kept walking, presumably back to his quarters or to where the
hoop poles were needed. As Austin watchfully kept going, “Watson and the men [followed]
after him.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In
a critical moment in this unequal and tense stalking game, there was an attempt
at a conversation between Austin and Watson, seemingly to resolve the
situation. It is not clear who initiated the conversation, or what was said
between the two. If it was Austin’s last-ditch effort to appeal to his master’s
reason or humanity to spare him, the young slave did not succeed. From the
circumstances, it appears that the talk was merely a ruse on Watson’s part,
designed to distract Austin so that the others could overtake him. The
attackers were, after all, mindful of the lethal axe in Austin’s hands. Sure
enough, at the very moment of the conversation, Hiram Payne “walked rapidly …
from behind the witness [Austin] …, having in his hand a piece of pine plank, …
Payne … drew his stick upon Austin.” Quicker than Payne could strike, Austin
“warded off the blow … with his left arm and with his right struck Payne with
the axe.” “Payne was hit with the whole edge of the axe in his head[,] …
penetrating to the brain.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">These events unfolded on a
Wednesday and Payne died the following Saturday, August 6, from the wounds
inflicted on him by Austin <i>in self-defense</i>. Predictably, the young slave
was promptly arrested and charged with premediated murder. His trial began in early
September of 1853 in Independence County, Arkansas, and ended in May of the
following year. His case reached all the way to the Arkansas Supreme Court on
appeal. Crucially, even though he killed Payne almost accidentally and in a
desperate effort to protect himself, the high justices did not take self-defense
as a mitigating factor because of Austin’s condition of servitude: he was a
slave. As the Arkansas Supreme Court opined,
citing precedent: <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 31.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">When
a slave is in rebellion to the awful authority of his master, whatever force
that may be necessary to bring him within the pale of subordination, graduated
upon principles of law and humanity let it come from what quarters it may,
invades no right of the slave, and consequently does him no such wrong as the
law can recognize as a mitigation or excuse for crime. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 31.7pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(<i>Jacob
vs The State</i>. 3 Humph. R 493) <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In other words, no court would
consider mitigating factors when a slave committed the crime of insubordination
to his master, especially when the act resulted in the murder of a white man.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Austin went on trial for the
murder of Hiram Payne in the Circuit Court of Independence County. Presiding over
the trial was the Honorable Judge Beaufort H. Neely. As the trial commenced, an
all-white male jury was impaneled, and witnesses were heard. Austin almost certainly never stood a chance of
winning, but the forms of impartial justice were adhered to, including the
right of counsel: the judicial process afforded Austin, as an indigent, a
court-appointed lawyer. During the trial, moreover, he could present evidence, cross-examine
witnesses, and file motions in his defense. “Austin, a slave, the prisoner at
the bar is without counsel to conduct his defense,” read the court documents, “and
… the court thereupon appoints H.F. Fairchild and R.S. Anderson Esqs. to defend
him.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The records indicate that
attorneys Fairchild and Anderson did everything they could to save Austin, but
they could advance only so far against a system seemingly designed to safeguard
the institution of slavery. As soon as Hubert F. Fairchild was appointed as
Austin’s lawyer, he motioned the court to exclude any evidence “about the boy [Austin]
& his conduct upon Tuesday, the day before Payne was struck.” The defense
attorney characterized admitting such testimony “as being not proper” since it would
prejudice the jury against the prisoner. In other words, Fairchild was reminding
the judge that if evidence about a slave’s insubordination to his master was
allowed to stand in court and go to the jury, then the result of the trial would
be a forgone conclusion: Austin would be as good as convicted at the onset. Fairchild’s
interpretation was in fact confirmed by the prosecution. The State of Arkansas,
in the person of its prosecuting attorney, John A. Byers, openly acknowledged
that “the object of such testimony … [is precisely] to show [the] rebellion of
Austin against his master & [to] connect… [his conduct] with the alleged
murder of Hiram Payne.” Judge Neely overruled Fairchild’s motion and “permitted
the evidence of [the] acts & conduct of Austin on Tuesday [the day he
“talked improperly” to his master] to go to the jury.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">On September 8, 1853 – the same
day the court appointed Hubert F. Fairchild as his defense attorney – Austin
pled “not guilty” to the charge of premeditated murder. In the course of the proceedings,
the state introduced a witness, one Matthew R. Prior, who gave sworn testimony that
“he or another person with him has asked the defendant [Austin] what he had
against Hiram Payne, the deceased, to injure him, to strike said Payne [like
that].” The records do not specify what exactly Austin said in response to this
interrogation, but in court, the witnesses interpreted his words as a
confession to premeditated murder. Presiding Judge Neely heartily agreed with
their conclusion. Apparently, the court saw no problem with the testimony,
despite some troubling possible disqualifiers: (1) that when Austin allegedly
confessed to the murder, he was already “committed to jail on the charge of
killing said Payne”; (2) that he “was <i>tied in chains</i> when they asked him
such questions”; and (3) that one of the witnesses providing evidence as to
Austin’s “confession” served as his prison guard and had thus enjoyed ample
opportunities to torture the prisoner. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The
witnesses’ assurance that “they did not promise or threaten him [Austin] in any
way” was, however, enough for Judge Neely to accept their testimony at face
value. It may also be worth noting that all these witnesses were white men,
affiliated in one way or another with Watson, the master. When Austin’s
attorneys objected to the admissibility of such a dubious testimony, “the court
overrode the objection.” Later, the Arkansas Supreme Court had this to say on
the matter: “[I]t is insisted that as the <i>confessions</i> now so made in
response to that question which it is urged implied the guilty act of the
prisoner and was made to one of his guards at a time when he was in chains and
being brought to jail upon the charge in question that <i>they</i> <i>ought to
have been excluded from the jury</i>” (emphasis added). Simply put, the
justices believed while Austin’s “confession,” such as it was, should never
have been presented to the jury, it was nevertheless “admissible” as evidence
of his guilt.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Benjamin
Watson, Austin’s owner, was among the star witnesses of the prosecution. He had
been, it should be remembered, the chief reason for Austin’s killing of Hiram
Payne; this might have been pretext for casting reasonable doubt as to the
truth of his testimony … but no one else saw it that way at the time except,
perhaps, other enslaved people. Even though Watson’s sworn testimony is missing
from the records, it is not difficult to imagine what he might have said in
court: that Austin had been disrespectful and that he (Watson) meant to
discipline him, which was completely within his power as his master, but that
the slave had then committed a heinous act of murder. In other words, none of
what had happened had been Watson’s fault and all of it was Austin’s. Nevertheless,
Watson’s testimony might have elucidated on what exactly Austin said to him, or
what the two of them talked about when Payne attacked. Apparently, these and
other questions were also on the mind of Austin’s defense attorney</span> <span style="line-height: 150%;">Fairchild, when he asked the
judge to put Watson on the witness stand for cross-examination: <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“[T]he
defendant [Austin] moved that Benjamin Watson be put upon the stand as the
witness of the State for the purposes of being cross-examined by the defendant
upon the whole cause which motion was founded upon the facts that said Watson’s
name was endorsed on the back of the indictment as a witness for the State
& that he had been summoned by the State as a witness & that he had
been sworn in chief.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Brazenly enough, Judge Neely
denied cross-examination, after objection was raised by the prosecution. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Unlike in the matter regarding the
admissibility of Austin’s confession, this time the Arkansas Supreme Court
strongly disagreed with the judgement of the lower court. “[The question before
us is] whether the owner of a slave is competent as witness in a prosecution
involving the life of the slave. In this case, he [Watson] was offered as
witness on part of the prisoner [Austin]. The State objected because of his [Watson’s]
pecuniary interest as owner and the court [Judge Neely] sustained the
objection.” Citing yet another precedent, the Arkansas Supreme Court elaborated:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 6.0in;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The master has the custody of his slave and <i>owes
to him protection</i> and it would be a rigorous rule indeed if the master
could not be a witness in behalf of his slave. What would be the condition of
the slave, if the rule which binds him to perpetual servitude, should also
create such an interest in the master to deprive him of the testimony of that
master? <i>The hardships of such a rule will illy comport with that humanity
which should be extended to that race of people</i>. In prosecutions for
offense, <i>negroes are to be treated as other persons</i>: and although the
master may have had an interest in his servant, yet the servant had such an
interest in the testimony of his master as will outright mere pecuniary
considerations,”<i>nor can he be deprived of the benefit of that testimony by
the mere circumstance that in a civil point of view he was regarded by the law
as property</i>. (Isham vs The State, 6 How. (Miss) R. 35).” Recognizing these
principles of law, public policy and common humanity … we adopt them without
hesitancy …, and therefore think it clear that the Circuit Court [of Independence
County] erred in refusing to allow Watson, the master, to testify when offered
as a witness on the part of his slave Austin [emphasis added].<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Even
as the high court’s justices made references to lofty notions of humanity and
to treating slaves “as other persons,” they agreed with every single ruling of
the Circuit Court of Independence County – specifically Judge Neely – except
one. Nobody was surprised then, when on September 16, 1853, the
all-white-and-male jury issued the following verdict: “We find the defendant
Austin, a slave, <i>guilty</i> of murder in manner and form as charged in the
within indictment.” The “guilty” verdict for Austin was almost certainly a
given from the start. The court itself, in its charge to the jury, had summarized
the state’s version of events in a way that effectively prescribed the outcome.
It told them “that if they formed [the opinion] that the defendant [Austin] was
in rebellion to the authority of his master, then Payne had the right to take
the defendant & to use such force [as] was necessary to take him & that
if the defendant then attacked Payne & slew him[,] he was guilty of
murder[.]” On September 19, 1853, Judge Neely sentenced Austin to death by
hanging. The execution was scheduled for October 14, 1853. The judge ordered
that “between the hours of ten o’clock in the forenoon and three o’clock in the
afternoon of said day, he [Austin] be taken from … [the jail] to the place of
execution and that he then and there be hanged by the neck until he is dead.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Attorneys
Fairchild and Anderson lost no time in launching an appeal of Austin’s death
sentence with the Arkansas Supreme Court. However, they first had to petition
the Circuit Court of Independence County to stay the execution in order “to
give him [Austin] an opportunity to present his case and have a hearing thereof
by the Supreme Court of this State.” They filed the petition on September 27, 1853,
and Judge Neely granted the application. He delayed Austin’s execution “until
Friday the 4<sup>th</sup> day of November 1853.” However, when the attorneys
presented evidence that the “Supreme Court is not now in session & it will
meet at its court room in Little Rock on the 1<sup>st</sup> Monday of January
1854,” another stay of execution was granted until the high court could hear
Austin’s case. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It
was on February 27, 1854, when the Arkansas Supreme Court finally heard
Austin’s case on appeal. The justices sustained all of Judge Neely’s reasoning,
including the death sentence, except in one instance: not allowing the defense
to cross-examine Watson, Austin’s master.
It was on this single ground that they remanded the case back to the
Circuit Court of Independence County, ordering the lower court to permit the
cross-examination of Benjamin Watson. “[I]t is the opinion of the court,” the
ruling read, “that there is error in the proceedings and judgements of said
Circuit Court in this: that said Circuit Court erred in refusing to allow
Benjamin Watson to testify when offered as a witness on the part of the
defendant therein. It is therefore considered by the court that the judgement
of said Circuit Court in this cause [is] … reversed, annulled and set aside.”
The Court further ordered that the “appellant [Austin] recover of said appellee
[the State of Arkansas] all his costs in this court in this cause
expended.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">On the more critical matter of
whether the murder was premeditated or not, the Arkansas Supreme Court’s
verbose ruling boiled down to this: It mattered not at all if a slave committed
a crime in self-defense, but only that he committed that crime as a result of
his insubordination to his master. Insubordination entailed punishment, and the
master was within his right to discipline Austin in whatever ways he saw fit. The
justices made it abundantly clear that their foremost duty was to protect the system
of slavery, and not the life of the slave. They stated as much in their ruling:
<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">[W]e are free
to say that the tranquility of the public at large, the security of that master[,]
the value of the slave as property[,] and the just protection and comfort for
the slave himself[,] all depend so essentially upon his entire subordination to
the lawful authority of his master that we would hesitate long before we would
declare otherwise than that the principle laid down in this charge was any
other than of sound and general principle of the common law of slavery as it
exists in our slave states.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Austin was returned to
Independence County to be tried again. His defense attorneys made one last,
desperate attempt to stave off the execution by appealing to Judge Neely for a
change of venue. On March 8, 1854, Fairchild filed a petition for a change of
venue <i>from</i> Independence County on the ground that “the inhabitants of
this county are so prejudiced against the defendant that a fair & impartial
trial of the case cannot be had in this county.” The petition was granted, and
the trial moved to Smithville, Lawrence County, Arkansas. The new venue made
little difference, though: on April 29, 1854, the jury of white males from
Lawrence County, under the leadership of foreman Samuel Jones, issued the same
verdict as the previous one: “We, the jury, do find the defendant <i>guilty</i>
of murder in manner and form as charged in the indictment.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The records do not say when Austin
was finally executed, though executed he certainly was. But what they show with abundant clarity is
that a slave accused of insubordination by his master stood no real chance of escaping
punishment in Arkansas’s antebellum slave society, save by running away. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">
</p><div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/meg.matthews/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/2FMGXS6C/fatmes%20story%20for%20january%202020%20Austin%20The%20Slave%20(Fatme%20Myuhtar-May).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
narrative is based on the case files of <i>The State of Arkansas v. Austin a
Slave </i>(1853-1854)<i> and Austin a Slave v. the State of Arkansas </i>(1854<i>)</i>,
preserved at NEARA. MSCNE.0070 Lawrence County Court Records, Box 19, Folder
40, Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives, Arkansas State Archives, Powhatan,
Arkansas. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri Light, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
</div>
</div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-12143752101401899962021-01-27T11:14:00.001-06:002021-01-28T11:11:22.792-06:00Lemke Drawings by Bridget Wood<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9wfC2xMZNXAgKcunz5dXFskZkoR7aHZ7YTpNfVbeZRG8XeZI8QXohLC_XI7Prn0bbGAeQl5GUAhBd8th53fI4bqWn039YtDqdwXlew-Md2bhkpZk49pJEniVtYuq-hDihh3ttPiIzw1V6/s2048/lemke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9wfC2xMZNXAgKcunz5dXFskZkoR7aHZ7YTpNfVbeZRG8XeZI8QXohLC_XI7Prn0bbGAeQl5GUAhBd8th53fI4bqWn039YtDqdwXlew-Md2bhkpZk49pJEniVtYuq-hDihh3ttPiIzw1V6/s320/lemke.jpg" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Lemke Drawings </b></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">by Bridget Wood</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“Once a teacher, always a teacher” is
a well-worn saying, a truism that, happily, has a core of truth to it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The best teachers—at any level--both
know their subject material and constantly look for ways to reach their
students, whether in a classroom, in presentations or through
publications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This last category
includes works ranging from dense, scholarly tomes to accessible, popular
treatments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the middle of the last
century, a respected Arkansas academic turned his hand to interpreting
Arkansas’s past for the general public. His project created not a staid
conventional history book, but instead an enjoyable graphic series, published
in the state’s newspapers for all to read and enjoy, and today preserved in the
Arkansas State Archives.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 107%;">Walter J. Lemke </span><span style="line-height: 107%;">(1891-1968)
was born in Wausau, Wisconsin, and moved to Arkansas when recruited by
University of Arkansas President John C. Futrall. Lemke served as head of the
Journalism Department at the University of Arkansas from 1928 until his retirement
in 1959. During his time in Arkansas, Lemke adopted the culture of the state,
involving himself in historical study and educating audiences. He was active in
several heritage organizations, including the Arkansas Historical Association,
serving on its editorial board; the Arkansas Genealogical Society; the
Washington County Historical Society, in which he served as president; the
Prairie Grove Battlefield Development; and the Butterfield Overland Mail
Centennial Celebration.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Walter J. Lemke collection (MS.000379)
at the Arkansas State Archives includes 447 drawings, each one created by
self-taught artist Lemke, depicting figures and episodes from Arkansas history.
366 of these, one for each day of the leap year, were<span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> published in select Arkansas newspapers
in 1936 in honor of the Arkansas State Centennial. Featured first under the
title of “This Day in Arkansas History” and published again in 1938, restyled “Arkansas
Anniversaries,” these daily drawings offer a wide sampling of early Arkansas
people and events.</span><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 107%;">Lemke’s 366 daily drawings provide a quick and fun entry into
Arkansas studies, accessible and suitable for adults and children alike. These black
and white sketches provide visuals of early Arkansas activities and have been
known to spark additional research from viewers. The “cast of characters” is
diverse, including authors, educators, early territorial and state politicians,
historians, lawyers, mailmen, martyrs, newspaper editors, religious
representatives and war heroes. The illustrations feature early travel by hoof,
rail, air, and boat. The growth of rural and metropolitan areas is illustrated
by sketches of county courthouses and school buildings, some of which still
endure.</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 107%;">The sketches take note of natural wonders in the land and sky;
one panel commemorates a great display of falling stars. Another reports</span><span style="background: white; color: red; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 107%;">a meteorite that landed in Arkansas soil. Readers are
reminded of natural disasters in the form of earthquakes, tornadoes, and floods;
of how edible and otherwise useful crops grew in abundance; and of wealth-building
discoveries of natural resources including oil, bauxite, and diamonds.</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background: white; color: black; line-height: 107%;">The illustrations feature stories of struggle and change;
Lemke reminds readers of the work of modern Arkansans’ forebears, primarily
Euroamerican; Native Americans are present in some episodes but African
Americans, enslaved or free, are largely absent from Lemke’s narrative. Images recount
tales of epidemics and battles, innovations and disasters, occasional lawlessness,
justice, and woman suffrage. Lemke presented Arkansas’s history as episodes
part of a social evolution, from undeveloped border country to a modern state
with a diversified economy and bright prospects.</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Lemke’s daily drawings are freely
available for viewing at </span><a href="https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/lemke-drawings-dailies/"><span style="line-height: 107%;">https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/lemke-drawings-dailies/</span></a><span style="line-height: 107%;">. Lemke’s other 81 Arkansas images, published
in 1937, under the title of <span style="background: white; color: black;">“Men Who
Made Arkansas History”, are also available online at </span></span><a href="https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/lemke-drawings-bios/"><span style="line-height: 107%;">https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/lemke-drawings-bios/</span></a><span style="line-height: 107%;">. We encourage educators to use these
illustrations as classroom aids or even coloring sheets. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Once on our Arkansas Digital Archives
site, browse around—the website holds hundreds of thousands of Arkansas
resources from the Arkansas State Archives. The content is diverse and
ever-increasing!</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-20541229874065810302021-01-27T11:03:00.001-06:002021-01-27T11:05:56.032-06:00Letter from the Director January 2021<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ6ieH-EH2s-dlCixauF8QMiFBoCy13PxZFcnbv4m8TUq2oJiBXuiJhE51Oy_bYxA9QXvn4S_uuBW3p2kUUcdqYbnwYIvjaYUZyPoQSMmH0qoYHBa23bEpd2LoMxj2-PGHF2FnRIaaTks0/s1423/David+Ware.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1374" data-original-width="1423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ6ieH-EH2s-dlCixauF8QMiFBoCy13PxZFcnbv4m8TUq2oJiBXuiJhE51Oy_bYxA9QXvn4S_uuBW3p2kUUcdqYbnwYIvjaYUZyPoQSMmH0qoYHBa23bEpd2LoMxj2-PGHF2FnRIaaTks0/s320/David+Ware.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ASA Director David Ware</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Outside my office window as I
write this, I can see a relatively full parking lot; the empty spaces that
appeared in the days before Christmas and continued through the New Year’s
weekend are empty no longer. Soon, with the start of the 2021 session of the
Legislative Assembly, the Capitol Hill parking lots will become zones of
competition as legislators, government staff and workers in the various
agencies of the Capitol complex all contend for a not-quite-adequate supply of
spaces close to their respective buildings. This is, of course, nothing new: in
1939, a planning commission proposed acquiring the property due north of the
Capitol, to create a formal approach to the building and to make room for new
parking lots. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">This plan was not
immediately pursued, but in the years following World War II, the land—occupied
by residences and commercial properties, including a liquor store (converted
from a filling station) built to resemble a giant mushroom and a café—was
bought by the state. The structures were cleared and the ground landscaped;
today, what might have been a humble but useful parking lot is the site of the
Capitol’s rose garden.</span></div></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8aIxRm_W9SvQLLeqrBLuTJffNddkDU7NWcVWcbEKMcCaiONkGCTyrUxTKIhD8zfg5nWj66h7-nI6BLaQssIO-WWke1wjPce8f1mvDRdho6gulog1lMCPhwZNQqTEChQsJMbHFDx3PkWMh/s2048/8-039-Proposed+Development+North+Of+Capitol.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1594" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8aIxRm_W9SvQLLeqrBLuTJffNddkDU7NWcVWcbEKMcCaiONkGCTyrUxTKIhD8zfg5nWj66h7-nI6BLaQssIO-WWke1wjPce8f1mvDRdho6gulog1lMCPhwZNQqTEChQsJMbHFDx3PkWMh/s320/8-039-Proposed+Development+North+Of+Capitol.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Proposed Development North of the Capitol</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">As time passed and Arkansas’s
government grew, adequate parking remained a challenge. Parking spaces lined
the streets of the Capitol Mall; parking lots appeared behind the Education
building and atop the hill just west of Wolfe Street.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">One other parking lot is worth mention: when
it was installed, it broke the hearts of many young people. I refer to the lot
located just west of One Capitol Mall, the building familiarly known as the
Multi-Agency Complex or “Big Mac,” which happens to be the home of the Arkansas
State Archives.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the years before the
Capitol complex’s postwar expansion, the area was a low-lying zone with a few
houses on it, prone to occasional flooding as high water on the Arkansas backed
up into Wolfe Creek.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">In the early 1950s,
Secretary of State C.G. “Crip” Hall proposed making the flood zone into a
fishing pond for the youth of Little Rock.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The pond would be stocked and maintained by the Arkansas Game and Fish
Commission, whose offices were on the north side of the Capitol Mall,
overlooking the pond.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The pond was built, and it
proved popular; over its approximately two decades of existence, countless
young people learned the noble art of angling along its banks. Adults were permitted to help their children,
but the fishing was reserved for the young alone. Ultimately, though, recreation yielded to the
demands of more serious things: the pond was drained, graded, and paved in the
1970s to serve as a parking lot for One Capitol Mall.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM0E94pabCZSRrGA0ItbHQEnERvYPDHf9PIPw-Fxv5sW60bepTaNyHnKiHivQtdaw9lRrzKM64wGxokZndtRQXlws2woe_20KngQ8aGBZbohb_s4bshtIIHUzrRq-uHsH1pPvn-7imvmGS/s2048/6-065-Behind+Capitol+Under+Construction.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1603" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM0E94pabCZSRrGA0ItbHQEnERvYPDHf9PIPw-Fxv5sW60bepTaNyHnKiHivQtdaw9lRrzKM64wGxokZndtRQXlws2woe_20KngQ8aGBZbohb_s4bshtIIHUzrRq-uHsH1pPvn-7imvmGS/s320/6-065-Behind+Capitol+Under+Construction.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">During Construction of Parking Lot</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The pond may have disappeared
but memories of it survive. During my years working in the Capitol I frequently
received requests for pictures of the pond; these almost always came from
once-young anglers, who remembered the good times they had along its banks,
swatting mosquitoes and casting, forming habits of pleasure which have lasted
long after the pond itself went dry. I
remember their happy stories as I look out over the concrete expanse that was
once water; I am grateful to have a parking place down there, but in these gray
wintry days, a pond would be a welcome reminder of warmer times to come, ones
with the promise of relaxing with friends, with a line in the water.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidc8Ch72i1AREYt8_fttNUqR7S6es6ys7JTRJ8y6WkfiQTpylLNJTBMxoYf8qHcS_FOR3rxzYhjq43jJTHwSLqQIVMaHGPZ5BjHfiWS3n8HNo1ffgk1KEV4I3ZBjgflYOO4mDFyq9pgwGI/s2048/aerial+view+east.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1654" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidc8Ch72i1AREYt8_fttNUqR7S6es6ys7JTRJ8y6WkfiQTpylLNJTBMxoYf8qHcS_FOR3rxzYhjq43jJTHwSLqQIVMaHGPZ5BjHfiWS3n8HNo1ffgk1KEV4I3ZBjgflYOO4mDFyq9pgwGI/s320/aerial+view+east.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aerial View</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Elsewhere in this issue,
Brian Irby looks at what was once a common element of Arkansas newspapers in
the weeks before Christmas: children’s letters to Santa Claus.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I enjoyed the excerpts from the missives and
one in particular caught my eye: in 1899, young </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alvin Roy Solomon of
Helena, promised Santa that if he brought Alvin all that he asked for, Alvin’s
father, who was a tailor, would “make you a nice overcoat to keep you warm all
the winter.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Using the online genealogical resources available in our
research room, I looked for more information about young Alvin. I discovered that he was the son of Samuel
and Bertha Solomon of Helena; Sam was indeed a tailor with a well-established
business in the Queen City. The Solomons
were members of the Beth El congregation, but Alvin’s writing to Santa did not
particularly surprise me, since even then, “Santa” was a secular seasonal
figure, whose appeal (like that of receiving gifts) transcended racial and
religious boundaries. What did surprise
me, however, was Alvin’s age: he had been born in March of 1896, making him all
of three and a half years old when he made Santa the conditional offer of a
warm coat. Alvin was either a child prodigy or (and this seems more likely) he
may have had just a little help with that letter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">We cannot know how Alvin Solomon fared in that Christmas
season, but we know a bit more about him.
As a young man who knew his duty, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and
served during World War I. He returned
to Helena in time to be a witness to the racial violence that swept Phillips
County in 1919, known today variously as the Elaine race riots or, more often,
the Elaine Massacre. He remained a Helena resident all his life, marrying a
local girl in 1933. In 1996, labor historian Kerry Taylor interviewed
centenarian Alvin Solomon about the events of October 1919; the interview forms
part of Taylor’s <span style="background: white;">collection of newspaper clippings, primary
documents, notes, secondary sources, and miscellaneous materials on the <span class="geogname">Elaine Massacre preserved in the University of Arkansas’s
Special Collections.</span></span><span class="geogname"><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span class="geogname"><span style="background: white;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="geogname"><span style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alvin Roy Solomon died in 2001, at the age of
105. He is buried in Helena’s Beth El
cemetery, along with other family members. He was a witness to history: his
letter to Santa reveals something of the customs and life of being of a young
Jewish boy in a prosperous Gentile community, while his late-life testimony
casts light on one of the darkest episodes in Arkansas’s history. His story is
one of the thousands of Arkansas lives worth exploring; I am grateful to Brian
Irby for making the introduction.</span></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-66528094593490213032020-12-02T15:34:00.007-06:002020-12-02T15:34:51.188-06:00November Accessions<p> <i>By Stephanie Carter, archivist</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our recent accessions include records from the Keep
Arkansas Beautiful Collection and books detailing the histories of local
churches. The Arkansas State Archives preserves two centuries of Arkansas
history and more, ready for you to explore. Visit our digital collections or
consult our research services at </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="file:///C:/Users/DeAnn's%20laptop/Downloads/archives.arkansas.gov" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #0563c1; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 11.5pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">archives.arkansas.gov</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u>Archival Collections<o:p></o:p></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCgeTXDpCu_R45rl2fnKsTli3tguf2Z5sLzyoHGKPZpCE1utBngrHoEOaQKiYGhVQg8EMcwin7DM6vjSjCiL8F0WhRrii3bK170du6c-w1E5w8JbU1Swed5kBV-gqYIG-XG8ouhrvXaa53/s640/LilyPeter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCgeTXDpCu_R45rl2fnKsTli3tguf2Z5sLzyoHGKPZpCE1utBngrHoEOaQKiYGhVQg8EMcwin7DM6vjSjCiL8F0WhRrii3bK170du6c-w1E5w8JbU1Swed5kBV-gqYIG-XG8ouhrvXaa53/s320/LilyPeter.jpg" /></a></b></div><b>The Lily Peter collection</b>,
1960s-1970s, was transferred from the collections of the Delta Cultural Center,
Helena, Arkansas. The collection includes 11 photographs of Lily Peter at
various locations and events in Arkansas, one audio reel of an interview of
Lily Peter, and nine boxes of microfilm of the <i>Southland College Papers. </i>Lily
Peter (1891-1991) of Phillips County was an author, farmer, teacher, musician,
conservationist and philanthropist, as well as Arkansas’s poet laureate.<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Arkansas Department of Parks,
Heritage, and Tourism-Keep Arkansas Beautiful Commission Collection:</b> 13
cubic feet of Keep Arkansas Beautiful Commission records, 1995-2015, were
transferred by the Keep Arkansas Beautiful Commission. The records include
audio and video recordings, awards and materials related to cleanup campaigns
and other projects. The commission, a division of the Arkansas Department of
Parks, Heritage and Tourism, works to educate and encourage individuals to
prevent litter, recycle and keep Arkansas beautiful.<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u>Printed Materials</u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>Sesquicentennial of Cooking
by Arkansas Farm Bureau</i></b><i>,</i> 1986 was donated by Melissa Bingmann of
Morgantown, West Virginia.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>Massive Resistance and
Southern Womanhood: White Women, Class, and Segregation</i></b> by Rebecca Bruckmann,
2021, wassent to us from University of Georgia Press in Athens, Georgia.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i>The Heritage</i></b>, Volume
47, 2020, was donated by Hot Spring County Historical Society in Malvern,
Arkansas.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Several
books were donated by Story Library, Central Baptist College in Conway, Arkansas:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Harmony Baptist Church: 125
years - Little Rock, Arkansas</i>, undated<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Historical Directory and
Yearbook of First Baptist Church, Salem Baptist Church, Trenton Baptist Church,
and Park Grove Baptist Church in Marvell, Arkansas, </i>1930 [2 copies]<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>History of Beryl Baptist Church</i>,
1889 to 1989<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>History of Cadron Ridge Baptist
Church</i>, 1892-1992 - Conway, Arkansas<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>A History of Cavalry Baptist
Church</i>, 1939-1989 - Batesville, Arkansas<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>History of Landmark Missionary
Baptist Churches of County Line Association</i>, undated<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Pangburn First Baptist Church:
100 Year Celebration</i>, 1904-2004<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Partial Records of the Baptist
Church of Christ (Harmony) - The Old Texas Church - 1869-1897, Faulkner County</i>,
1984<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Records of Salem Baptist Church
and Cypert Cemetery, Eventide Cemetery, Smally Cemetery, Gamble Cemetery Area
of Marvell, Phillips County, Arkansas,</i> 1977<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Sharon Missionary Baptist Church,</i>
1889-1989 <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Unity Missionary Baptist Church
- South Hervey, Hope, Arkansas,</i> undated<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>A History of Otter Creek
Germania Vimy Ridge Missionary Baptist Church</i>, 1909-1938<o:p></o:p></p></div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-69256037583699802202020-12-02T13:39:00.004-06:002020-12-03T16:51:27.302-06:00Black sheep sheds light on family history<p> <i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">By Jane Wilkerson, archival assistant</i></p><p class="MsoNormal">Many of
us who do genealogical research like to believe our ancestors were God-fearing
and law-abiding citizens. However, what if they … <u>weren’t</u>?</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Most families are likely to have at
least one “black sheep” in the flock, but refrain from discussing the person in
polite company, usually out of embarrassment.</span><sup style="text-indent: 0.5in;">[1]</sup><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
Often, the status of these “sheep” has something to do with misdeeds of one
sort or another which have led to involvement with law enforcement, the courts
and the penal system — in short, criminal activity. This may be a source of
embarrassment for the contemporary family but a boon for family historians: Police,
court and penal records preserve much information about both the accused and
the convicted, not limited to name, age and prisoner number. Therefore, while
the term “criminal record” can be a stigma, the documents themselves are
extremely valuable to genealogists. They not only can tell us about the
criminal, but also his or her family dynamics. The hardest part may consist of
figuring out where to start, when your family is not forthcoming with the
details surrounding such sooty lambs.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggdz2yUoDOu_BT1St_yr4UbskB4wFL_Lx7NCGMfM7ZO3UdtkxzB6-rLvDRNhdMCdpTGOXpKP8jh5ffYribOZTQexwFC17aAlOQE2_KvYY-75Jf5UuC6bOWoWyhHNg8l0g3pRFO5dlx2h3o/s927/Image+2+MSNE.0075+WR+Court+Rec_B150_F63_Arkansas+v+Browning+%2528murder%2529.pdf+%25282%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="927" data-original-width="852" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggdz2yUoDOu_BT1St_yr4UbskB4wFL_Lx7NCGMfM7ZO3UdtkxzB6-rLvDRNhdMCdpTGOXpKP8jh5ffYribOZTQexwFC17aAlOQE2_KvYY-75Jf5UuC6bOWoWyhHNg8l0g3pRFO5dlx2h3o/s320/Image+2+MSNE.0075+WR+Court+Rec_B150_F63_Arkansas+v+Browning+%2528murder%2529.pdf+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Indictment for Frank Browning</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>I know this to be the case because
my family tree boasts of at least one such sheep. Within my family circle I had
long heard rumblings that my great grandfather’s brother, Frank Browning by
name, had killed someone; the when and the where of his rumored dastardly deed
were never mentioned. What I did know was Robert Franklin Browning died at the
age of 67 on Jan. 23, 1944, at McFadden in Jackson County, Arkansas. He was
survived by his wife Lilly and two daughters and had pretty much divorced
himself from his family in Sulphur Rock in Independence County. The towns were
only 45 miles apart, yet they might as well have been continents away from each
other. Yes, Frank might have killed someone, but were the facts in his case so bad
as to separate him from his entire family?<div><br /><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">I set out to narrow my search a
little in hopes of finding traces of Frank. I knew, from family documents, that
Frank Browning was born Dec. 31, 1876, in Sulphur Rock. His father, George
Washington Browning, died in 1885 and his mother in 1893. He, along with his
five siblings, were left without their parents and had to raise themselves. By Aug.
19, 1922, at the mature age of 45, Frank married one Lilly Owens in Jackson
County. What was he up to in the intervening years, though? I decided to narrow
my search to the period between his mother’s death and his marriage. A search
of Jackson County Circuit court records proved fruitless, and I was afraid that
Independence County would turn out the same.</span></div><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">My next thought was, if Frank Browning
had killed someone and was convicted, he would be in the Arkansas Department of
Corrections records. The Arkansas State Archives, fortunately, has the penitentiary’s
inmate ledger books covering the years 1900 to 1955 on microfilm. I located a
Frank Browning, prisoner number 8293, from Sulphur Rock. I had struck pay dirt:
It was indeed my great grandfather’s brother, doing time?</span></div><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">According to the records, Frank was received at the State Penitentiary on Nov. 5, 1907, sentenced
for five and a half years for manslaughter. The register went on to report that
his trial took place on Dec. 10, 1906. The record included a physical description
which made me realize that my great uncle Frank had led a rough life. He was
described as having several scars on his head and face. The description also mentioned
vaccine scars and one long scar on this left arm. So, Uncle Frank looked like a
rough character; what other things would I uncover?</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj83X-agY1uvkNOxNSWDfAzZ0cWmilsLA5A99qY1Xagn7v4NPFMwYrQI5dOsVqwWfftvGV2-76qd1uI84yLQGjGEzTDdTBV-9_DajlAWHbMFZRQnpVilnnc27PPP46AmfDbs2BbE9l70rH7/s1136/Daily_Arkansas_Gazette_Fri__Dec_29__1905_+%25282%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1136" data-original-width="812" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj83X-agY1uvkNOxNSWDfAzZ0cWmilsLA5A99qY1Xagn7v4NPFMwYrQI5dOsVqwWfftvGV2-76qd1uI84yLQGjGEzTDdTBV-9_DajlAWHbMFZRQnpVilnnc27PPP46AmfDbs2BbE9l70rH7/s320/Daily_Arkansas_Gazette_Fri__Dec_29__1905_+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Daily Arkansas Gazette, <br />Dec. 29, 1905</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>From the
prison record I turned to the newspapers of the day and court records to find
out what I could about the incident which led to his incarceration. In
newspapers from Hoxie to Fort Smith, I uncovered lurid
headlines: “Frank Browning kills Telegraph Operator at Hoxie” and “Killing at
Hoxie, Frisco Agent and Operator Shot to Death Yesterday by Frank Browning.”<sup>[2]</sup>
So, I had a notorious desperado in my family tree! The infamous incident
happened on Dec. 28, 1905. Browning had gone into the Frisco and Iron Mountain
railroad office at the Hoxie crossing to send a telegraph to Dexter, Missouri, at
11:30 a.m. The operator, T.W. Midkiff, told Browning the answer would probably
arrive by 4 or 5 in the afternoon. Browning then returned at 1:30 p.m. smelling of whiskey,
asking if he had received an answer. Midkiff informed him that none had come,
and the conversation became heated. Bystanders outside the office reported they
could hear the two men yelling. Midkiff ordered Browning out, and as they
walked towards the door, Browning pulled out a revolver and shot Midkiff. Browning
was quickly taken into custody. A lynching party consisting of townsmen from
both Walnut Ridge and Hoxie soon formed, bent on teaching the prisoner the “hemp
fandango.” Officers hastily took Browning to Jonesboro to await trial.</div><div><br />At some
point during January 1906, Browning was transferred to the jail at Powhatan,
the county seat. Visitors to our Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives or the
Powhatan Court House State Park may have noticed the solid stone structure that
still stands adjacent to the courthouse. A reporter in 1906 described
it as the “darkest dungeon in the county … The place is over-run with rats, the
only companion(s) to the man in the jail."</div><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Continuing my search through newspapers and county
records, I learned Browning remained under these conditions until March when he
was indicted on a charge of first degree murder by a Lawrence County grand jury.
On Aug. 17, 1906, Browning was arraigned in front of Judge Humphreys of Walnut
Ridge, and the trial date was set for Oct. 19. There were concerns about whether or Browning could receive a fair trial
in Lawrence County. Tensions were still high; it had not been a year since the
townsmen of Hoxie and Walnut Ridge wanted to lynch him. Defense attorneys from
the firm Wright and Reeder successfully argued for and won a change of venue to
Independence County. The trial was heard in Judge F. D. Fulkerson’s court room
in November 1906. Browning was found guilty of manslaughter, after the jury
deliberated for 20 hours. A motion was then made for a new trial and Browning
was released on $1,500 bond, put up by his uncle, Dr. Clinton P. Meriwether, and
Dr. R.C. Dorr and Capt. John A. Hinkle.</span></div><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">So, here was the story that had
sundered this side of my family. On its face, it was bad enough so that I could
understand the family being a little embarrassed by Uncle Frank. As I would
learn through some more searching and sifting, there was more </span><a name="_Hlk57791885" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">—</a><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> a lot more — to his story. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Next month we will discuss more of his past,
the outcome of his trial and why Frank was indeed the black sheep of our family.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/Jane's%20additions%20on%20Frank%20Browning%20with%20david%20edits%20(003).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Some may, however, refrain out of a sense of modesty, particularly if the
ancestral malefactor is believed to have done a Really Big Oops, one that would
be worth boasting about in the right company.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/Jane's%20additions%20on%20Frank%20Browning%20with%20david%20edits%20(003).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> I located
these articles from across the state using newspapers.com. This is a
subscription-based service, but visitors can access it at no cost in the ASA
research room.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div></div></div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-21785647576230363532020-12-02T13:13:00.004-06:002020-12-02T15:12:07.847-06:00SARA records leave clues to identity of photo subject<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i>By Melissa Nesbitt, archival manager for the Southwest Arkansas Regional Archives</i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin7KZGIVQHG6KVO3OM37M0o0lQy3p-hwzy8tnktkd0LQVE_E_jhh0R0c7jpDgSig_GXk9zfPCdY2A490vkGtEMFYLGuTyPfKlga9RUOC8uFFvnhqi88xoKOYbqbHZIC9yquCrRdVxoXsl7/s2048/SARA_Photo_Miami_Love_Digitally_Restored--cropped.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin7KZGIVQHG6KVO3OM37M0o0lQy3p-hwzy8tnktkd0LQVE_E_jhh0R0c7jpDgSig_GXk9zfPCdY2A490vkGtEMFYLGuTyPfKlga9RUOC8uFFvnhqi88xoKOYbqbHZIC9yquCrRdVxoXsl7/s320/SARA_Photo_Miami_Love_Digitally_Restored--cropped.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Digitally restored photo identified<br />as Miami Love</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">An image in SARA’s collections of an
African American woman raises questions. Who was Miami Love, and what was her
connection to Richard Samuels, one of Arkansas’s historic Black legislators
during Reconstruction?<o:p></o:p></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Among SARA’s collections is a small
portrait of a young-looking African American woman identified as “Miami Love,
wife of Richard Samuels, founder of First CME Church in Washington, Arkansas,
old state capital during the Civil War.” But, should the identification be
taken at face value or investigated further? Because both primary and secondary
sources can be fallible, the ability to evaluate and compare sources is a
necessary skill for historians and genealogists, much like the investigative
skill of a detective.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Such is the case with the portrait
caption. Who was Miami Love? Several items in SARA’s collections mention her. A
scrapbook entry in the Carrigan papers, an extensive collection of papers related
to the well-known Carrigan family in Washington, Arkansas, mentions the
following:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">Another noted slave of Washington was Miama
[sic] Love, who married Russ Davis who ran a[n] eating house at the old Dutch
Wright home. Her mother, Aunt Fannie, was owned by a man named Love in
Salisbury, NC. He lost a good deal of money and sold his slaves to Albert Pike
who brought Aunt Fannie and the baby to Little Rock to be a special maid to his
wife, who was an invalid. Miama was sold later to Mr. Cates in Little Rock. No
doubt when Albert Pike brought his family to refugee in Washington during the
war, his wife brought Aunt Fannie with her. Then after they were freed, she [Fannie]
continued to live in Washington and in 1866 sent for her daughter, Miama, and
sent her to New Orleans to take a course as a seamstress.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Since the source of this narrative
is unknown, by itself the document doesn’t provide enough good evidence for Miami
Love’s identity. Starting with the statement that “Miami … married Russ Davis,”
a search of marriage records in Hempstead County indicates Mr. James R. Davis,
age 33, of Bois d’Arc and Miss Miami C. Love, age 30, of Washington married on March
20, 1878.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></a> The
1910 U.S. Census for Hempstead County includes the couple; it records that in
1910 they had been married for 32 years, confirming the 1878 date. The census
also records that this had been the first marriage for both parties, and that
Davis’s first name was “Russell. Other sources, such as Davis’ obituary in the
Washington Telegraph, show that he was called “Uncle Russ”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></a> The
1900 and 1880 U.S. Censuses for Hempstead County both reported the couple
living in Ozan Township.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The 1880 Census reveals that Fannie
Samuels lived in her stepson Robert Samuels’ household, located next door to
the Davises. Fannie’s reported marital status indicates she was widowed.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Though
no marriage record has been found for Fannie and her late husband, and they have
not been found on the 1870 Census, consulting other records supports his
identity. Who, then, was her stepson Robert’s father?</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Regie Heard, a daughter of former
slaves who grew up in Washington and who co-authored the book <i>Regie’s Love</i>,
recalls:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">Everything I learned about slavery was
through my mother and old people. I liked to talk to old people and old people
like Rob Samuels liked to talk to me. He’d been county clerk and was the son of
Richard Samuels, one of our first black politicians during Reconstruction. He’d
served in the state legislature and was Miami Davis’ stepfather. Miami and her
husband ran the hotel, The Davis House.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Though Ms. Heard recalled Rob
Samuels as county clerk, Rob (aka Bob/Robert) recalled his father Richard (aka
Dick) serving as the Hempstead County Clerk in an interview in the Arkansas
Slave Narratives.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span> The
<i>Historical Report of the Secretary of State 2008</i>, in which Richard is
listed as R. Samuels, indicates his term lasted from 1872-1874.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The
report also confirms his service in the state legislature during
Reconstruction. His term of office in the Fourteenth District, Hempstead
County, was from April 2 to July 23, 1868, and during the special session of Nov.
17, 1868 to April 10, 1869. In this entry, he is listed as R.R. Samuels.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Richard Samuels not only made history
in the political arena, but also in the spiritual. According to the history of
St. Paul C.M.E. Church written by the late Dr. Llewellyn Williamson of
Washington, </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in;">The C.M.E. Church in Washington antedates
the organization of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church (now the Christian
Methodist Episcopal Church). It was organized as the ‘Methodist Church of
Color’ several years before 1870 when the C.M.E. Church was organized... In the
organization of the C.M.E. Church (which sprang from the M.E. Church South)
Rev. Richard Samuels of Washington was the clerical representative and became
the first preacher of the Washington District.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></a></span></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The Rev. Samuels’ death was due in
part to his attendance of a church conference in Jackson, Tennessee, and his
subsequent travel to Memphis. He contracted yellow fever during his travels and
died on Sept. 4, 1878.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> According
to author Regie Heard, “Before papa bought our house, we rented the old Samuels’
house at the edge of town where Richard Samuels was buried. … The official
story was that Richard Samuels’ body wasn’t brought into town because he died
of smallpox. …”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Though
his true cause of death was yellow fever, Heard’s information seems accurate
given that there is no burial plot for Richard Samuels at the Washington
Cemetery. To date, no grave site for Samuels has been located on his former
property, though the remains of his former home still stand. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWb6ATuzZrLDqkPt4SGfv6aiHRkZt-1QoGwR8w6562yxo9ZeqdZJygjSb0dlZgNSr0gax2G-E4nK-kfUz59E2TuGifp9TJTMWdZAMqvwwksxk_tqNvYkFIvkNLxCu5Ebt_uBRy0TIn0CWu/s2658/Fannie+Samuels.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2593" data-original-width="2658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWb6ATuzZrLDqkPt4SGfv6aiHRkZt-1QoGwR8w6562yxo9ZeqdZJygjSb0dlZgNSr0gax2G-E4nK-kfUz59E2TuGifp9TJTMWdZAMqvwwksxk_tqNvYkFIvkNLxCu5Ebt_uBRy0TIn0CWu/s320/Fannie+Samuels.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Fannie Samuels' headstone</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Going back to the untitled and
undated document regarding Miami Love and her mother Fannie, other sources corroborate
its information. One is the headstone of Fannie Samuels. She is buried in the African
American section of the Washington Cemetery, and the headstone inscription
indicates she was born in “Saulsberry [sic] NC”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Indicative
of the relationship between Fannie and Miami is their burial in proximity to
one another.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Another
source confirming Miami’s status as a former slave of Albert Pike is the
obituary of James Russell Davis which states, “His wife, who was a house girl
in the family of General Albert Pike, died several years ago and he leaves no
children.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Miami
Love Davis’s obituary validates the approximate time she moved to Washington. It
states: “She came to Washington from Little Rock in 1866, or a few years after
the Civil War.”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></a></span></span> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Coming back full circle to the
portrait after evaluating the various records, it can be reasonably concluded
that Fannie Love, rather than Miami Love, was the wife of Richard Samuels. That
still doesn’t positively identify the woman in the portrait, however. For
further identification, knowledge of period clothing styles is helpful. The
dress appears to be one dating from the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>period
of the mid-to-late 1860s, rather than from later decades. Though one cannot
say with 100 percent certainty, it seems more likely the portrait is of Fannie
rather than Miami. Unfortunately, there is no information regarding who donated
the portrait or who wrote the identification on it. Regardless, the portrait is
a priceless piece of Arkansas’s African American and Samuels family history. <em><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Carrigan papers, Scrapbook 4, MSF 011, Southwest Arkansas Regional Archives,
Washington Arkansas<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> "Arkansas,
County Marriages, 1837-1957," database with images, <i>FamilySearch</i> (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-6P59-43S?cc=1417439&wc=QDM2-C9B%3A1589733443
: 18 March 2019), 004368484 > image 339 of 774; county offices, Arkansas.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “Obituary
of J.R. Davis,” <i>Washington Telegraph</i>, Washington, Arkansas, 13 Jun 1919,
page 1, hereafter cited as J.R. Davis obituary.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Year: <i>1880</i>;
Census Place: <i>Ozan, Hempstead, Arkansas</i>; Roll: <i>46</i>; Page: <i>497C</i>;
Enumeration District: <i>112; Year: 1900; Census Place: Ozan,
Hempstead, Arkansas; Page: 11; Enumeration District: 0049; FHL
microfilm: 1240060</i><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span face=""Source Sans Pro",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #181a1c; font-size: 10.5pt;">Year: <em><span face=""Source Sans Pro",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1880</span></em>;
Census Place: <em><span face=""Source Sans Pro",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ozan,
Hempstead, Arkansas</span></em>; Roll: <em><span face=""Source Sans Pro",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">46</span></em>;
Page: <em><span face=""Source Sans Pro",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">496B</span></em>;
Enumeration District: <em><span face=""Source Sans Pro",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">112</span></em></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Regie
Heard and Bonnie Langenhahn, <i>Regie’s Love: A Daughter of Former Slaves
Recalls and Reflects</i>, (Menomonee Falls, WI, McCormick & Schilling,
1987), p. 12, hereafter cited as <i>Regie’s Love</i><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>Federal
Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 2, Arkansas, Part 6,
Quinn-Tuttle</i>. 1936. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Retrieved from the Library
of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/mesn026/>.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Arkansas Secretary of State’s Office. <i>Historical Report of the Secretary of
State 2008</i>, (The University of Arkansas Press, 2008), p. 413<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Ibid, pp. 131-132<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Churches:
St. Paul Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Washington, VFSA 0268, Southwest
Arkansas Regional Archives, Washington, Arkansas<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “Yellow
Fever in Hempstead County,” <i>Daily Arkansas Gazette</i> (Little Rock), 5 Sep
1878, page 1; Yellow Fever Correspondence, <i>Daily Arkansas Gazette </i>(Little
Rock), 6 Sep 1878, page 1<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>Regie’s
Love</i>, p. 12<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Washington Cemetery (Washington, Hempstead County, Arkansas), Fannie Samuels
headstone, photographed by author, 13 November 2020.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Personal visit of author to burial place of Fannie Samuels and Miami Davis,
Washington Cemetery, Washington, Hempstead County, Arkansas<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
J.R. Davis obituary<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-12-01--Miami%20or%20Fannie%20Love%20Samuels%20article%20david%20last%20edits.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Obituary of Miami Davis, <i>Washington Telegraph</i>, Washington, Arkansas, 17
Nov 1916, page 1<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div><p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-16028972878669714702020-12-02T12:54:00.006-06:002020-12-03T17:07:59.751-06:00Early 19th century governor sets "no pardon" policy<p><i>By Brian Irby, archival assistant</i></p><p>Over the years there have been many attempts to combat the
problem of crime in Arkansas. One Arkansas governor, Tom Terral, was convinced
that the way to make sure that those convicted were appropriately punished for their crimes
was to outlaw parole and executive clemency. This policy was controversial and
likely cost him his political career.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvYhOZEizKUySCNteRgsU3y3dUug9LlQR5bXuElD2-yWlOp6vqqEd8-tR5UFr_h38VKqbcPuKuMfc0y8ifA8LAXP8QoMMO-erax3mxVpYzNWHtmguREOa1UCWIyIvOCZMO_rriqx_I_EER/s2048/ASA_Photo_G2717.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1485" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvYhOZEizKUySCNteRgsU3y3dUug9LlQR5bXuElD2-yWlOp6vqqEd8-tR5UFr_h38VKqbcPuKuMfc0y8ifA8LAXP8QoMMO-erax3mxVpYzNWHtmguREOa1UCWIyIvOCZMO_rriqx_I_EER/s320/ASA_Photo_G2717.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Thomas Terral (ASA Photo G2717)</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal">Thomas Jefferson Terral was born in Louisiana in 1882. He
graduated with his law degree from the University of Arkansas in 1910 and began
practicing law in Little Rock. V. It didn’t take long before he set his eyes on starting a political career. He
became Secretary of State in 1916 and was re-elected in 1918. His
political ambitions led him to run for governor in 1920. Terral campaigned on a platform of anti-parole and executive clemency sentiments.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The issue of pardons had been on the political radar since
Gov. George Donaghey went on a pardoning spree in the final months of his
second term as governor, pardoning 37% of the state’s prison population
in 1913. The motive behind this excessive amount of pardoning was in connection with the convict-lease
program, a controversial program where inmates were leased out to private
companies as free labor. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Donaghey
opposed the system and hoped that this would deprive the program of the labor
it needed to function. He was correct, and the convict lease system ended a
year later.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Terral adopted a stance against executive
clemency in his first campaign for governor in 1920. Noting that the pardon
power could be abused in exchange for bribes or from pressure from powerful
people, he vowed to oppose any pardons or parole of any kind. “The granting of
pardons has depended too much upon the political influence of the person
representing the convict,” he declared. Despite making an impression on
Arkansas voters, he lost the Democratic primary. Terral returned to private life, but his campaign influenced newly elected Gov. Thomas McRae, who took up the anti-pardon mantle and made it a part of his administration’s goals. This was most apparent when, in
November 1921, McRae broke with long standing tradition and released no
Thanksgiving Day pardon list. For many years governors had released some
convicts from prison on Thanksgiving Day, but this changed under McRae’s
leadership. Over the next four years of McRae’s time in office, he issued very
few pardons. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 1924, McRae decided not to seek a third term as governor,
leaving Terral an opening. Terral once again adopted a pledge not to pardon any
prisoners. The issue seemed to be a winning one and, combined with Terral’s
pledges to provide free textbooks for Arkansas schools and improve Arkansas’s
roads, swept Terral into office. Terral remained true to his
pledge. During his first year, despite petitions for pardons from judges and the
public, Terral refused to issue a single pardon. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In October 1925, Terral’s perfect "no-parole" record was tarnished when
he left the state to attend a governors’ meeting in Birmingham, Alabama. While
Terral was out of the state, Senate President Pete McCall, serving as
acting governor, quickly issued nine pardons. Angered at McCall’s pardons,
Terral never left the state again during his time in office. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Meanwhile, there were nine (now pardoned) prisoners that
Terral believed should still be in prison, and he ordered the state police to
search out and rearrest them. One of
the prisoners, W.W. Gillespie, who had been serving a three-year sentence for
illegally padding the payrolls of friends at the Missouri Pacific Railroad, was
quickly rearrested and brought back to prison. Gillespie filed for a writ of habeas corpus asking
the state to explain what crime he was being held for, since, after all, he had
been declared a free man by the acting governor of Arkansas. Prison
superintendent Dee Horton responded that the pardon issued by McCall was illegitimate
and the case went to the Arkansas Supreme Court.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In <i>Horton v Gillespie, </i>attorneys representing the
state argued that McCall, while acting as governor, had violated an obscure
state law, Act 154, which regulated applications for pardons. The act required
the person or persons seeking to petition the governor for clemency on behalf
of a prisoner advertise such an intent in some public manner. They argued that McCall did not publish such an intent, making the pardons void. The court
agreed with the state and ordered all the prisoners rearrested. In the wake of
the court’s decision, Terral remained adamant. “No good time will be allowed
those who refuse to return to the penitentiary or who put the state to any
further trouble and expense in apprehending them,” he announced. “We mean to
retake every one of those pardoned and return them to the penitentiary as soon
as possible. We will get them, even if they go to foreign countries.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">However, the pardoned prisoners had their advocates. Circuit
Judge L.S. Britt ordered a temporary restraining order preventing law
enforcement from arresting the men. At the time of the ruling, only one
prisoner had returned to prison. The other eight were still on the loose. The
injunction created a strange circumstance whereby if law enforcement in other
states arrested a prisoner and tried to extradite him to Arkansas, he would be
forced by the order to release him at the state border. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually, the restraining order expired, and
the remaining prisoners were again arrested and put back into prison.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The whole affair had given Terral a black eye. His advocacy
of the “no-pardon” policy and some other financial controversies regarding
possible monetary kickbacks to him by textbook publishers eroded the public
trust in the governor’s office. The controversy had not died down by the time
Terral campaigned for re-election in 1926. His opponent, John Martineau, made
the pardon controversy an issue in the campaign. Likewise, many Arkansans had
changed their opinions on the matter of pardons and now saw the governor’s
stance against pardons as unfair. The <i>Smackover Journal</i> led the charge
against Terral, arguing that the governor “has turned a deaf ear to the pleding
[sic] of the just and unjust.” <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Martineau defeated Terral in the Democratic primary of 1926.
Terral personally believed that his stance on pardons had likely cost him his
re-election. In the remaining months in office after his defeat, Terral reversed course and
began issuing pardons arguing that the primary proved that the people wanted a
more liberal policy. In his farewell address, Terral pointed to the failure of
his no-pardon policy, “I frankly concede that the views which I first held were
extreme and that the parole law is a wise and beneficent provision for
extending just clemency to those who are honestly entitled to relief.” <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-50322295634771487122020-12-02T12:35:00.003-06:002020-12-02T16:37:47.014-06:00Director's Letter for December<p><i>By David Ware, director and state historian<br /></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When I first arrived in Arkansas in 1999, I found a state
full of surprises. Like the beauty of its open spaces. Or its unexpectedly
complex history. Or the variety of good barbecue to be found within its
borders. Or the warmth and welcome of the people I met here.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfvSbGEsjHotatiN6ZGkTycrqOFjpHlQEn9Ez9z7BWPZPKHSdXPYiODf5azw78EE4qjLJ9GHTferFv9jSLcLrlqQGdk_2nNanYiYmR6okxTWxXKb80njcqJh46QBh5SC1kwMa5pe6UD08J/s2048/1916+nite+%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfvSbGEsjHotatiN6ZGkTycrqOFjpHlQEn9Ez9z7BWPZPKHSdXPYiODf5azw78EE4qjLJ9GHTferFv9jSLcLrlqQGdk_2nNanYiYmR6okxTWxXKb80njcqJh46QBh5SC1kwMa5pe6UD08J/s320/1916+nite+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Arkansas State Capitol, 1916, courtesy of the <br />Library of Congress</i></td></tr></tbody></table>I remember one particular surprise from that year especially
well: That year marked my first holiday lighting ceremony at the State Capitol.
At that point, much of the decorating was underwritten by local philanthropist
Jennings Osborne. I recall the hundreds of thousands of tiny lights, the Disney
characters, the fireworks and the crowd of people who came up at the end of the
city’s Christmas parade, to tour the decorated Capitol, talk to Santa, shop the
bustling craft show set up in the Capitol’s corridors and generally enjoy being
around thousands of others, intent on enjoying a grand evening out.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It was like nothing I had ever seen before, certainly not in
or around a public building. Within two years, I would be part of the team that
prepared and executed the event. For 19 holiday seasons I helped with the great
lighting ceremony by creating displays, assisting with logistics and assembling
an historical overview for the event — doing its “family history,” if you will.
It was in connection with this project that I first spent significant amounts
of time researching in the State Archives or, as it was styled then, the
Arkansas History Commission.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I knew, in a general way, that Christmas decorations in
public places, particularly on public buildings, did not have a long tradition;
they were not much of a public factor before the 1920s. As for Christmas trees,
a custom that took hold in the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, these
were private, family affairs. The first White House tree was set up either in
1854 or 1889, and many years there was none in the presidential mansion. The
first “national” Christmas tree was erected 1923, during the first year of the
Coolidge presidency.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As far as I could discover, looking through dim microfilmed
copies of the <i>Arkansas Democrat</i> and the good, gray <i>Gazette</i>, the
capital city’s dueling daily papers, the elegant neoclassical Capitol, erected
between 1899 and 1915 atop the old Penitentiary Hill, was not embellished for
the Christmas season. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 1938, however, things changed.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG4CzyjR1ZCtw_pzPH_7C7z9RPWyugl4vU_4NwlQZH6TOoTYgjvw11be_UIKS-sJgIzqXWA-HIvv0jSoEuFx3yZgAhpT2gu8bphPOjuGN-vagCPCkPx0TtPde07MhFldC9XnNwRgjQyNMI/s2048/crip3+%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG4CzyjR1ZCtw_pzPH_7C7z9RPWyugl4vU_4NwlQZH6TOoTYgjvw11be_UIKS-sJgIzqXWA-HIvv0jSoEuFx3yZgAhpT2gu8bphPOjuGN-vagCPCkPx0TtPde07MhFldC9XnNwRgjQyNMI/s320/crip3+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>C.G. "Crip" Hall</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>To understand the “how,” one must go back a couple of years further, to 1936, when Little Rock attorney C. G. “Crip” Hall ran for — and won
— the post of Secretary of State. Hall was a native of Malvern who, at the age
of 18 months, had contracted infantile paralysis or poliomyelitis, which
relegated thousands to infirmity each year in those days before a vaccine. Hall
was one of the lucky ones: He survived, albeit with a permanent limp which
garnered him his nickname. He attended the University of Arkansas and while
there served as football team manager. From Fayetteville, Hall proceeded to the
Arkansas Law School in Little Rock and received his attorney’s license in June
1926.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hall practiced law privately in Little Rock and in 1934 ran
for Arkansas Secretary of State. He was defeated, but Crip Hall had game: He ran
again in 1936, on a simple platform including a promise to make the state
Capitol a showplace for the state. He won, handily — and set to work to make
good. In 1938, he ran for re-election and won easily. In the wake of the
election, Hall may have wanted to celebrate; he did so in a way that created a
tradition.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Just south of the Capitol, across 9<sup>th</sup> street,
stood the Arkansas Children’s Home and Hospital. From its windows, the young
patients could see the limestone dome of the Capitol. Hall had a soft spot in
his heart for the young patients, perhaps a consequence of his own early ill
health; his celebration took the form of a Christmas greeting for the young people
stuck in the hospital at Christmas time. He ordered his staff electrician to
rig red and blue or green lights on thin sheet metal strips; these were hung
from the Capitol’s cupola, their weight causing them to conform to the curve of
the dome. In front of the Capitol, Hall erected a fir tree, sprayed silver,
mounted on a rotating stand with colored lights playing on it at night. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the days before Christmas, Hall’s staff collected money
for Christmas gifts for infirmary-confined children. A party out by the shiny
Christmas tree was scheduled for Dec. 22; children from the hospital were
invited, as well as Capitol workers and their families. On the day, though,
rain arrived — but Hall was undeterred. He had a second tree brought inside and
decorated. That evening, 145 children, plus many state employees, enjoyed what
would be the Capitol’s first holiday decorations, a friendly gesture and good
deed that has endured.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Establishing the story of the Capitol’s holiday decorations
would have been nearly impossible, had it not been for a series of scrapbooks
kept by Crip Hall, preserving the story of his many years’ service as Secretary
of State. Nearly two decades ago, Commission staffers brought me the
microfilmed copies of Hall’s scrapbooks and carefully loaded each roll onto my
reader; I was to insert tiny paper strips into the film as I rewound it,
marking the location of frames to be copied. I took my notes, asked for a few
copies to be made and resolved to come back to the scrapbooks, when time
permitted, to learn about how something so simple changed into something so
elaborate, so widely loved.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The scrapbooks contain clippings, photographs and letters;
they document the evolution of the event and the good publicity it generated. After
that first winter, Hall garnered warm praise for his friendly initiative: One newspaper
accolade quipped “By George, it took “Crip” to come out and “hall” out the
Christmas spirit, didn’t it?”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">In the years to come, the Capitol’s decorations would
become more elaborate, and ceremonies a little more involved. In 1940, blue
lights outlined the building, with strips of amber lights on the dome, and the
first of several Nativity scenes was installed on the Capitol steps. As a
festive flourish, loudspeakers were set up in the rotunda to play Christmas
music.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">1941, though, was another affair. The Capitol was to be illuminated
on Dec. 10, a Wednesday; a <i>Gazette</i> story of a few days before noted that
“a religious exhibit will cover the front entrance to the building, and
loudspeakers will carry seasonal music to residents of the nearby neighborhood.”
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLtkYKGz3UB1IqWd3c_QY1bXDMnuhvLj-TT94KVWtvSmIMbiYxC_xwQGQmX50w1bROdenk1xhQc6x_PBvR5p4nfiURHHyoBemJPbvRTJdR4jcla8nmo2GWtayZzMWwP7v1X-7xf7DjOi3f/s2048/DOC112113-11212013-1+%25281%2529.tif" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1472" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLtkYKGz3UB1IqWd3c_QY1bXDMnuhvLj-TT94KVWtvSmIMbiYxC_xwQGQmX50w1bROdenk1xhQc6x_PBvR5p4nfiURHHyoBemJPbvRTJdR4jcla8nmo2GWtayZzMWwP7v1X-7xf7DjOi3f/s320/DOC112113-11212013-1+%25281%2529.tif" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Christmas lights at the Capitol, approximately<br />1950, courtesy of the Arkansas Secretary of <br />State's office</i></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">What’s significant, I think, is this: The Capitol’s
illumination was held as planned. Three days earlier, the United States had
been forcibly jolted into joining the global conflict, but on Dec. 10, Crip
Hall opted to go ahead and light the lights, in spite of the brand-new state of
war. He told a local paper that in such unusual times, the people of Arkansas
needed to have a little reassuring normalness.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Since then, the Capitol’s holiday lights have been
dependable December markers. They went dark in 1943 and 1944, by federal order,
and once again during the energy crisis of the 1970s, but otherwise they have reached
out against the early dark of winter skies. In 2001, in the shadow of the
attacks of Sept. 11, Secretary of State Sharon Priest faced the same sort of
question faced by Crip Hall, six decades before: In the face of a national
emergency, should the Capitol’s lights be turned on? They were; like Hall
before her, Sharon Priest understood that in the face of uncertainty, something
normal and reassuring was what Arkansans needed and should see. On Dec. 1, the Capitol’s
lights snapped on as they had in 1938 and 1941, one of Crip Hall’s enduring
legacies.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v</span></span></span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Memories of C.G. “Crip” Hall’s administration are for the
most part preserved in his scrapbooks, which were begun as keepsakes for his
daughter Nancy. Four of these compilations are held by the University of
Arkansas Special Collections; another 12 are preserved in the Arkansas State
Archives. For context, researchers may consult the Archives’ unequalled
collection of Arkansas journalism preserved on microfilm or, weather
permitting, indulge in a leisurely walk around the Capitol, located just east
of our Little Rock premises. Timing is, of course, everything: If one walks
around in late afternoon, between Dec. 5 and Dec. 31, there’s a good chance of
catching the moment when the Capitol lights are switched on. Enjoy them as
reminders of a good deed done nearly eight decades ago. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-20404513072284734662020-12-02T12:25:00.007-06:002020-12-03T17:15:28.245-06:00Unsolved mystery ... or was everyone glad he was gone?<p> <i style="text-indent: 0in;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Calibri Light";">By Fatme Myuhtar-May, archival manager for Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives</span></i></p><p><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The records of the Walnut
Ridge district court comprise the largest single collection preserved at NEARA.
They are part of the Lawrence County court records and exceed 230 cubic feet of
processed materials, all of which is open to researchers. In this collection,
there are two thick folders which document the sensational 1910 trial of James
C. Langston for the murder of Arthur W. Shirey. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2FA4vCPCK9dcAZ65pfdqM7mkUmzTOpquf12EQie016_tq9YlNaR9wwncWDhMJee2ZBWq1xkZLUOrh5sv_MVN2YbZF1KMsOlSygrgM6ugIjLw0IQGOoE-33Wq7gsLjlgs2SAT5UDbE7jd3/s673/Shirey.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2FA4vCPCK9dcAZ65pfdqM7mkUmzTOpquf12EQie016_tq9YlNaR9wwncWDhMJee2ZBWq1xkZLUOrh5sv_MVN2YbZF1KMsOlSygrgM6ugIjLw0IQGOoE-33Wq7gsLjlgs2SAT5UDbE7jd3/s320/Shirey.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Arthur W. Shirey</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Shirey was a wealthy landowner
and merchant who resided in the small town of Minturn in Lawrence County, Arkansas.
Langston was a 33-year-old telegraph operator for the St. Louis, Iron Mountain
and Southern Railway and a veteran of the Philippine-American War of 1899-1902.
He became the prime suspect for Shirey’s murder because he was young Mrs.
Shirey’s avowed suitor. When it became clear that he was nowhere near Arkansas
at the time of the murder, Langston was acquitted. Shirey’s murder has remained
unsolved to this day.</span><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">On the rainy and misty evening of March 10, 1910, “events
began to unfold … that would eventually become known as the most famous and
bizarre murder case ever to occur,”</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">1</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> at least in Lawrence County, Arkansas. The
elderly Shirey was shot dead in his store in Minturn, a two-story building located
near the railroad. The store occupied the ground floor of the building, while
Shirey lived in the rooms above. The gunshot apparently came through the open
door of the store while Shirey was conversing with Walter Merritt, a customer.
His store clerk, Levy Hutton, was also present. As Hutton recalled on the
witness stand during Langston’s trial, Shirey was sitting “on two sacks of
potatoes,” near the door, when a shot rang out:</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;">I was standing about six feet from him [Shirey], was looking at his head, right here (rubs right side of his head along temple and
above the ear), he was sitting there, the shot was fired, and his brains ran
out of his head, and looked as white to me as cotton, he just nodded his head,
when he was shot[.] Walter Merritt was in front of him and both rubbed their
heads and Walter did considerable rubbing and said he was powder burned[.] Mr.
Shirey began to straighten up and fell over backwards[.]<sup>2</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Evidently, the shooter fired from a range close enough to
powder-burn Merritt’s face and to damage Hutton’s hearing. As Hutton declared
in his deposition, he was otherwise unharmed by the shot, except: “... it
kindly deadened that ear and I can’t hear out of it good yet.” <sup>3</sup>
Both Hutton and Merritt testified during the murder
trial, but only Levy gave an account of the murder scene. Based on his
description and timing, Shirey’s killing was not an accident, nor was it ever
interpreted as such by the state prosecutors or anyone in the community. The
murderer, whoever he (or she) was, fired with the apparent intent to kill since
the shots hit the target precisely, without seriously harming either Hutton or
Merritt who were just a few feet away from Shirey. The shots were also from a
close range, as Hutton indicated, because Merritt suffered a powder burn, while
Hutton lost his hearing in one ear due to the noise from the gunshot. What is
more, as the prosecution later argued, the murderer timed the shooting to a
nicety, so that the noise from the firearm could be drowned by the freight
train passing nearby at the very moment of the shooting. This timing, the
prosecution stated, permitted the perpetrator to escape. When Shirey fell dead,
Hutton and Merritt stood stunned for a moment and then rushed out to see if
they could see the shooter, but it was too dark. Hutton said that he “went out
and hallowed for the marshal [sic] right there, he was right there close.” He
also “sent Walter Merritt out then to let them know, everybody I could get
there, and telephoned up here for Will Surridge [the county sheriff] and for
him to bring some blood-hounds there.”<sup>4</sup> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The news of Shirey’s death spread quickly, and the
residents of Minturn turned out, lanterns in hand, looking for the killer. It
had been raining and the soil was soft, so “the murderer’s footprints could be
seen” in the mud near the store.</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">5</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> In the ensuing days, Lawrence County Sheriff
William Surridge took charge of the investigation and even deputized detective
Herbert L. Mosher of the St. Louis branch of the Pinkerton Detective Agency to
help with solving the case. Early on, the investigators zeroed in on a male
suspect who rented a white or gray mare from the nearby town of Hoxie, rode it
to Minturn, then was presumed to have hidden the horse in some bushes near the
store before committing the murder. After that, he rode back to Hoxie to return
the horse and boarded the passing train to get away. Soon, a man matching the
description of the suspected murderer was named: one James C. Langston.</span></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6R7tkqR3vzf7ZV-oBmOeyEw785cMrDdZXLEsdVtSLZD3tIRtYxpkZp7YsUC2fVH3AAXzGSrEbo8txAiN53AZ_2vcGBSPW7LcSRMVaCKCayDlcuGZAJQ1bx1zyjtBjDlCU6442D36fkJFO/s673/Langston.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="592" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6R7tkqR3vzf7ZV-oBmOeyEw785cMrDdZXLEsdVtSLZD3tIRtYxpkZp7YsUC2fVH3AAXzGSrEbo8txAiN53AZ_2vcGBSPW7LcSRMVaCKCayDlcuGZAJQ1bx1zyjtBjDlCU6442D36fkJFO/s320/Langston.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>James C. Langston</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><span class="None">On Aug. 17, 1910, the grand jury indicted Langston for
murder in the first-degree. Langston was an outsider who had briefly resided in
Minturn as a railroad telegraph operator but, by the time of the murder, had
moved to South Dakota to claim a tract of land on a soldier’s claim under the
Homestead Act. Langston was arrested in South Dakota and brought back to
Arkansas to be tried for Shirey’s murder. Witnesses for the state affirmed that
they had seen Langston in the Hoxie-Minturn area on the day of the murder.
According to some of these witnesses, it was Langston who had rented the gray
mare from Hoxie on the evening of the murder and rode down a dirt road to
Minturn to commit the crime. His motive for the murder, according to the
prosecution, was his love for Shirey’s young wife, Fairbelle. On Oct. 4, 1910.
Langston was formally charged with the murder of A.W. Shirey; he entered a non-guilty
plea.</span></div><div><span class="None"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Fairbelle Hill was 14 or 16 years of age when she married
69-year-old A.W. Shirey in February of 1904. Shirey was reckoned by his
neighbors to possibly be the wealthiest man in Lawrence County; a newspaper
noted that “at the time of his death, Shirey had accumulated thousands of acres
in farm and timber land and several lots in nearby Walnut Ridge [the county
seat], worth between $200,000 and $400,000.”<sup>6</sup></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">By local standards, Shirey was indeed a rich man. It was
small wonder, then, that in early 1904 he “wooed and won” pretty Fairbelle
Hill, the only daughter of a large and very poor family of tenant farmers who
rented land from “Old Man” Shirey.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqm0pnipPE-p2bnoCB8J11NswR6vDPoBD7DBpBXrHkoQ_2ozTm3qU3RmyD5RlHmBeDPkD3tRJnvwfckLkxwZkP7aWO1jxbacCEzvkmvZNklarua72sPm50fzFgiJ3dZonMNu7Iyb6HVxlE/s805/Fairbelle.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="805" data-original-width="629" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqm0pnipPE-p2bnoCB8J11NswR6vDPoBD7DBpBXrHkoQ_2ozTm3qU3RmyD5RlHmBeDPkD3tRJnvwfckLkxwZkP7aWO1jxbacCEzvkmvZNklarua72sPm50fzFgiJ3dZonMNu7Iyb6HVxlE/s320/Fairbelle.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Fairbelle Shirey (nee Hill)</i><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="None"></span><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">From the start, the Shireys had a tumultuous marriage. During
the six years they were technically married, the couple lived together in the
rooms above Shirey’s store for only three months. Their relationship quickly
fell apart when Shirey severely and publicly whipped Fairbelle with a switch on
the streets of Minturn after some people told him that they had seen her with a
man in the secluded local cemetery. Later, when seeking a divorce from Shirey,
Fairbelle alleged in court that the beating rendered her unable to work and
make a living. As a result, she sought alimony from him, plus one third of his
estate.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In response to her lawsuit, Shirey stated that he had never
intended to marry Fairbelle in the first place because she was “a prostitute.”</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">7</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> He
said he was forced into the marriage by her mother who threatened to bring a
hefty lawsuit against him for seduction and a breach of promise. Shirey’s
lawyers argued that Fairbelle had been unfaithful to him during the marriage; </span><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: yes; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">therefore, their client would not pay the
alimony, nor any share of his estate. To prove that she was a prostitute,
Shirey went so far as to hire some questionable characters to follow her around
and even to try to solicit her services in order to compromise her. The
back-and-forth divorce saga ultimately reached the Arkansas Supreme Court,
which denied them a divorce on the grounds that they were both at fault: Shirey,
for marrying an “infant,” as the court called her,</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">8</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> and then for promising to
take her back, despite the evidence of her infidelities; Fairbelle, for
continuing to have a sexual relationship with Shirey after he brutally beat
her. That they continued to have a sexual relationship was evident from the
fact that Fairbelle became pregnant during the separation and gave birth to a
daughter that died shortly thereafter. When she named Shirey as the father, however,
he denied it.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">While both Fairbelle’s and Shirey’s characters were
called into question during the divorce proceedings, public opinion seems to
have been largely on the side of Fairbelle. Shirey had a history of mistreating
his previous two wives, Eliza and Maggie, who had also been much younger than
him. The community apparently did not look favorably on his proclivity to chase
after much younger women, even though “May-December” marriages were not unusual
in the day. Shirey’s reputation may be gauged by remarks by attorney (and
future judge) Charles Coffin of Batesville, who stated that, if he could, he
would have “issued a restraining order preventing Mr. Shirey from having
anything further to do with the female sex in any form or fashion.”</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">9</sup></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Shirey’s relations with neighbors and business partners were
similarly troublesome. He frequently cheated others out of pay, including his
lawyers, but always insisted on being paid promptly. He was not on speaking
terms with his relatives either, a fact that was underscored by Shirey’s last
will and testament, leaving each of his family members “one cent and no more,”</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">10</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
effectively disinheriting them. The overall impression from newspaper accounts,
preserved local memories and court records is that the Lawrence County
community, while certainly shocked by Shirey’s death and in favor of his murderer’s
punishment, did not particularly mourn Shirey himself.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As for Fairbelle’s fidelity, witness testimonies during
Langston’s murder trial left no doubt about the suspect’s infatuation with Mrs.
Shirey. At least one witness testified in no uncertain terms that an affair was
going on between them: Jack Thomas stated that in a conversation with Langston
in Minturn, the accused man had exclaimed, while motioning to Shirey’s store
nearby: “When in Hell is that damned old son-of-a-bitch going to die, or
Raggedy Bill Smith [a nickname for Fairbelle’s divorce lawyer]... going to
compromise that suit so I can take that woman and go on and attend to my
business?”</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">11</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Thomas further said that “he have saw [sic] them [Langston and
Fairbelle] in positions that I would hate to see any of my folks. … I have saw
them in a room absolutely locked in.”</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">12</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Even though Thomas did not specify where
he had seen them “locked in,” there is a good chance that it was in the Beech Hotel
in Minturn. The “hotel” was actually the house where the Hill family lived,
which Fairbelle and her mother also ran as a boarding house.</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">13</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Pearl Medlock, a
neighbor of Shirey’s in Minturn, testified that Langston boarded in the Beech
at some point in his sojourn in northeast Arkansas.</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">14</sup></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">That Langston was deeply in love with Fairbelle was made
further apparent from the love letters and postcards he sent to her. Several of
Langston’s cards were seized via a search warrant from Fairbelle’s home – the
Hill house – and entered as evidence in the case against him. The cards were
postmarked from March of 1909 to January and February of 1910, shortly before
Shirey was murdered. In fact, in early 1910, Langston wrote to Fairbelle almost
on a daily basis, largely from South Dakota, but also from Arkansas. For
example, Langston sent a card to Fairbelle from Little Rock on January 12, 1910.
It read: “Dearest BL. Everything OK. Will try and get back by Friday or
Saturday. I went to the Majestic tonight and it was very good. Wish you could
of [sic] been with me. Love to you. J.C.L.” The back of the same card bore the
following verse:</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;">Let’s you
and I get married,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;">Our
secret that will be,<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;">I want a
little sweetheart just like you<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;">Don’t you
want one like me?<sup>15</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;"><sup><br /></sup></span></span></p>
Within less than a month, Langston was sending Belle postcards
from South Dakota, mostly from the town of Gregory, near his land. One card,
dated Feb. 17, 1910, was mailed to “Miss Belle Shirey, Minturn, Ark.,” as
Langston usually addressed them. It said: “[I]t is most awfully cold up here.
Oh h[ow] I wish you could be with me. We have everything planned for the farm –
even the cook if you will come. … Love you to ever. J.C.L.”<sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">16</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Two days earlier
(February 15), the lovelorn Langston sent her not one, but two cards. In one,
he told her how “sure lonesome and blue” he was without her and how “bad” he
wanted to hear from her. He worried that she might be “sick” after not hearing
from her for a while.”</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">17</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> In the second card written on the same day, Langston
again lamented not having a letter from her: “I am on my way to GR [Gregory] and
am very anxious to get there so I can hear from you, or I hope I will. If there
is nothing there from you[,] I don’t know what I will do. Please, answer soon
and what is the trouble.”<sup>18</sup> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Langston wrote often throughout the month of February
1910, sometimes twice a day, but apparently received no answers to most of
these cards, if at all. That she had previously replied to his letters is
suggested by Langston’s remark in a card from February 10: “Dearest BL. You are
sure doing me fine. You are so prompt in writing [usually].” It is worth noting
that this message was written on the back of a card depicting a man and a woman
in a boat, embraced, accompanied by the phase: “Will you be mine?”</span><sup style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">19</sup><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> On another
card, postmarked February 12, and written the day before, Langston wrote: “My
Dear – Why haven’t you written me? How all my air castles have fallen. What are
we to do? Oh! It’s all my fault. How crazy of me – How I wish I had of staid
[sic] with you another week. I am sure blue and almost sick. … If I only knew
you wasn’t sick. Forgotten Q” (emphasis added).</span><sup>20</sup> </div><div><br /></div><div>It is clear that by February of 1910, Fairbelle had
stopped replying to Langston’s communications. While Langston worked in Minturn
the two may well have grown close, but the fair Fairbelle had indeed
“forgotten” Langston, as he himself put it, almost as soon as he moved to South
Dakota. While Langston anguished over why she did not write him back, Fairbelle
had already met a new paramour and her soon-to-be husband - an Indiana merchant
named Ora Byrket – while visiting Hot Springs, AR.
With such overwhelming evidence of Langston’s affection
for Fairbelle, the State of Arkansas could (and did) feel confident about
having established a motive for murder. Yet, in the process of the trial
against Langston, it became clear that he was already in South Dakota at the
time of the murder. He had filed his intent to assert his soldier's claim on
160 acres of government-controlled land with T.C. Burns, the registrar of the
U.S. Land Office in Gregory, South Dakota, on Sept. 8, 1909.<sup>21</sup> </div><div><br /></div><div>Burns filed a
witness deposition to that effect in favor of Langston. It also appears that
Langston resigned his position as a railroad telegraph operator (or was fired
from it) in Arkansas sometime in January of 1910 <sup>22</sup> and had moved to South Dakota
sometime in late January or early February. One witness, a physician – Dr. H.A.
Murnan – testified that he saw Langston at the Luellyn Hotel in Gregory on
February 23, then again on February 24 and 26, as he was paying calls to a man
suffering from appendicitis at the hotel.<sup>23</sup>Langston’s sister Luella and her
husband L.Q. Lloyd, operated the “Luellyn” and Langston worked for them while
building a homestead on his land. </div><div><br /></div><div>A number of other witnesses placed him in South Dakota –
far from Minturn, Arkansas – before and around the date of Shirey’s murder as
well.<sup>25</sup>For example, A.C. Ruble of the Gregory Light and Power Company testified
that he was a guest at the “Luellyn” on March 4, 1910, and Langston had attended
to him on that occasion. According to another witness, G.J. McKee, Langston was
in South Dakota on March 9 and 10, 1910, occupied with building his house.<sup>26 </sup>Yet
a third witness, Charles Klemann, who worked a dray line, swore that he saw
Langston at Gregory’s railroad depot on the very day of the murder, March 8. <sup>27</sup> </div><div><br /></div><div>Ultimately, the witnesses’ evidence that Langston was in
South Dakota at the time of the murder was so overwhelming that, on Oct. 14,
1910, the jury had no choice but to acquit him. The charges against the three
other individuals charged as accessories to the murder – Jesse Hill
(Fairbelle’s brother) and her divorce attorneys W.P. Smith and W.T. Blackford –
were dropped, too.<sup>28</sup> No one else was tried for Shirey’s murder again, and the
case went cold. Fairbelle herself was never formally implicated in the case,
although rumors swirled.
Meanwhile, the body of “Old Man” Shirey was buried in the
Minturn cemetery and the Independent Order of the Odd Fellows (IOOF) placed an
imposing monument over the gravesite. The inscription read: “Erected and
dedicated by a grateful fraternity to a great benefactor. The Grand Lodge IOOF
of Arkansas in sacred memory of Brother A.W. Shirey, Minturn Lodge No.257. He
toiled. He saved to benefit his fraternity, the widow, the orphan. He is now at
rest. His memory will live forever. His brethren cannot forget.” </div><div><br /></div><div>According to Shirey’s will, his wealth was to go to the
IOOF and be used to build a sanatorium for the treatment of illnesses and an
orphanage. However, Fairbelle and Shirey’s relatives successfully challenged
the will in court. The courts subsequently decided to give 40 percent of the
estate to the widow, 40 percent to the Odd Fellows, and 20 percent to be split
between Shirey’s relatives. The Odd Fellows spent their share (and perhaps more) of Shirey’s estate
covering legal expenses, while Fairbelle was able to maintain a certain
lifestyle only for a short while. She remarried less than a month after
Shirey’s death, seemingly having forgotten about both Langston and Shirey.</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span class="None"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face", serif; line-height: 150%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 200%;">1</span></span></span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <a name="_Hlk34481485">Leeanne S. Wisdom, “Shirey Murder Remains a Mystery,” <i>Jonesboro
Sun</i>, 23 October 1983, 10B, <i>Jonesboro Sun</i> Microfilm 338 - October
1883, Dean B. Ellis Library, Arkansas State University.</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Deposition of Levy Hutton, p. 4, <i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston, </i>June 22, 1910, Box 165, Folder 1, MSNE.0075 Walnut Ridge Court Records,
Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives, Arkansas State Archives, Powhatan,
Arkansas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Deposition of Levy Hutton, p. 6, <i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</i>, ibid. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Deposition of Levy Hutton, p. 10, <i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</i>, ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Wisdom,
1983, 10B.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Wisdom,
1983, 10B.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">7</span> <a name="_Hlk34389602"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Deposition of
John F. Bennett, p. 2, </span></a><a name="_Hlk34212584"></a><a name="_Hlk34212456"><i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">John F. Bennett vs. A.W. Shirey</span></i></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, September 16, 1907, </span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lawrence
County Circuit Court, September 16, 1907, Box 43, Folder 42, MSNE.0075 </span><i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Walnut Ridge Court Records</span></i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,
Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives, Arkansas State Archives, Powhatan,
Arkansas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">8</span> <a name="_Hlk33611475"><i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Southern Reporter</span></i></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,
Vol. 111, Supreme Court of Arkansas’s decision on <i>Shirey vs. Shirey</i> in <i>Supreme
and Appellate Courts of Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas,
July 8-August 12, 1908</i> (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1908), 370.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “The Shirey
Case,” <i>Batesville Daily Guard</i>, October 15, 1907, 1, <i>Newspapers.com</i>,
accessed 25 October 2019.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “Her Money Aids Man Accused of Husband’s Death: Former Girl-Bride
Is Expected to Defend Divorce Co-Respondent,” <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>,
25 September 1910, 20, <a name="_Hlk33182743"><i>Newspapers.com</i>, last
accessed October 25, 2019.</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">11</span></sup></span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <a name="_Hlk33256343">Testimony
of Jack Thomas, p. 23, <i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston,</i> June 24,
1910</a>, </span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Box 165, Folder 1, MSNE.0075 Walnut
Ridge Court Records, Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives, Arkansas State
Archives, Powhatan, Arkansas.</span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><a name="_Hlk33270375"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Testimony of
Jack Thomas, p. 42, <i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston,</i> June 24, 1910,</span></a><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ibid</span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.</span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">13</span></sup></span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Testimony of Pearl Medlock, p.
253, <i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</i>, June 24, 1910, ibid.</span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">14</span></sup></span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Testimony of Pearl Medlock, p.
253, <i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</i>, June 24, 1910, ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Deposition
of James Easley, p. 175, <span class="None"><i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C.
Langston</i>, </span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27,
1910,</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Box 165, Folder 2, MSNE.0075 Walnut Ridge
Court Records, Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives, Arkansas State Archives,
Powhatan, Arkansas.</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><sup>16</sup></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Deposition
of James Easley, p. 176, </span><span class="None" style="font-size: 12pt;"><i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C.
Langston</i>, </span></span><span class="None" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27,
1910,</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span class="None" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ibid.</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <a name="_Hlk34121512">Deposition of James Easley, p. 174, <span class="None"><i>State
of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</i>, </span></a></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27, 1910,</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ibid.</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">18</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Deposition
of James Easley, p. 176, <span class="None"><i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C.
Langston</i>, </span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27,
1910,</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ibid.</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">19</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Deposition
of James Easley, pp. 178-179, <span class="None"><i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C.
Langston</i>, </span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27,
1910,</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ibid.</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">20</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Deposition of James Easley, p. 178, <span class="None"><i>State of
Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</i>, </span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27, 1910,</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="Footnote"><sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span></sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <a name="_Hlk33608542"></a><a name="_Hlk34120330">Deposition of T.C. Burns, pp. 7-9, </a><a name="_Hlk33537658"><span class="None"><i>State of Arkansas vs.
J.C. Langston</i>, </span></a></span><span class="None" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27, 1910,</span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
</span><span class="None" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Box 165, Folder 2, MSNE.0075
Walnut Ridge Court Records, Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives, Arkansas
State Archives, </span></span><span class="None" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Powhatan, Arkansas. </span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Footnote" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span class="None"><sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="PT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">22</span></sup></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="PT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “</span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Railroad Telegrapher,” Order of Railroad Telegraphers,
Vol. 27 (St. Louis, MO: Woodward & Tierman Printing Co., 1909), 96. </span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Footnote" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">23</span></sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Deposition of Dr. H.A. Murnan, pp. 5-6, <span class="None"><i>State of Arkansas
vs. J.C. Langston</i>, </span></span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27, 1910,</span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><a name="_Hlk39922385"><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Box 165, Folder 2, MSNE.0075
Walnut Ridge Court Records, Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives, Arkansas
State Archives, Powhatan, Arkansas. </span></span></a><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">24</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> See <span class="None"><i>State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</i>, </span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 27, 1910,</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> passim, </span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ibid.</span></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Footnote"><sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">5</span></span></sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Deposition of A.C. Ruble, pp. 22-25,<span class="None"> <i>State
of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</i>, September 27, 1910, </span></span><span class="None" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Box 165, Folder 2, MSNE.0075
Walnut Ridge Court Records, Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives, Arkansas
State Archives, Powhatan, Arkansas. </span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Footnote" style="font-size: 12pt;"><sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26</span></sup><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Deposition of G.J. McKee, p. 89,</span></span><span class="None"><i><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> State of Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston,</span></i></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span class="None"><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 28, 1910, ibid.</span></span><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">27</span></sup><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Deposition of Charles Klemann,</span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">pp. 119-120, </span></span><span class="None"><i><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">State of
Arkansas vs. J.C. Langston</span></i></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,<i>
</i></span></span><span class="None"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" lang="IT" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 28, 1910, <a name="_Hlk33782574">ibid.</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><sup>28</sup></span><span face=""Calibri Light",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jesse was presumed to be the person who purchased the suspected
murder gun from a Walnut Ridge store, while attorneys Smith and Blackford were
alleged to have tipped Langston that, if Shirey succeeded in divorcing
Fairbelle, it would be on grounds of her infidelities, which would enable him
to cut her off from participating in the division of his estate. This allegedly
provoked Langston to murder Shirey before he had succeeded in divorcing
Fairbelle and disinheriting her (see “More Shirey Sensations: Jesse Hill,
Brother of Mrs. Shirey, Indicted on Charge of Murder,” <i>Arkansas Democrat</i>,
July 29, 1910, 1; “Lawyers Held as Murderer Aids,” <i>Decatur Herald</i>,
August 21, 1910, 1, both on <i>Newspapers.com</i>, last accessed January 21,
2020).</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Baskerville Old Face",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Calibri Light";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-26360842957858342422020-11-04T11:37:00.016-06:002020-11-04T17:10:34.799-06:00Researchers from varied backgrounds compete for the NEARA Award for Exemplary Research<p>Scholars. City planners. Architects. Arkansans from a wide
variety of backgrounds have won the prestigious NEARA Award for Exemplary Archival
Research. Every year, the Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives (NEARA) and the Arkansas Historical Association (AHA) host a competition for the best research paper that draws from NEARA’s archival records. Past winners have included college instructors and students, as well as many whose training and occupations had little to do with academic history.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“All of these people are very passionate about history, but
they have a specific perspective on history that comes from their training and
professional background,” said Dr. Fatme Myuhtar-May, archival manager for
NEARA. “They had a personal interest in that aspect of history.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSPivap-vVTOJ9h-JHKaKRg78fetFj1A-fHjfjOgD4jd_eVxk3BjzS684WZvVSk2nt2oOWPVZVCWluA_71EcB6j64SOMJHlyXtEe8ldicj08nh5zF6p2i9XYFtBknQ40lyNryqVw_hAtvm/s2048/NEARA-Award-winner-Robert-A.-Myers.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSPivap-vVTOJ9h-JHKaKRg78fetFj1A-fHjfjOgD4jd_eVxk3BjzS684WZvVSk2nt2oOWPVZVCWluA_71EcB6j64SOMJHlyXtEe8ldicj08nh5zF6p2i9XYFtBknQ40lyNryqVw_hAtvm/s320/NEARA-Award-winner-Robert-A.-Myers.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mark Christ, past president of the AHA, presents<br />the NEARA Award to Robert Myers (right).</td></tr></tbody></table>The most recent winner, Robert Myers, is a city planner. His
paper, “The Davidsonville Debacle: Land Title and the Demise of Lawrence
County’s First County Seat, 1815-1830,” focused on the failure of Arkansas’s
first platted town, Davidsonville. Davidsonville was the county seat of
Lawrence County, which covered most of the northern Arkansas territory and part
of southern Missouri territory at the time. In less than 15 years, though, the
town was mostly abandoned. <o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Myers drew his research from the Lawrence County Records collection, which contains about 500 cubic feet of court cases,
marriage records, probate records and pension records, as well as other
sources, to identify why the town failed. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Davidsonville was also the topic for the research paper that
won the first NEARA Award in 2014. In that instance, author Steve Saunders examined the town’s failure from the perspective of having been
an architect for more than 30 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other
winning papers have described and analyzed the perceptions of women’s roles in territorial
Lawrence County, religious conflict in early Arkansas and relationships between
slaves and slaveholders. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Choosing a topic the writer is passionate about comes
into play because the evaluations, which are done by a three-person panel from NEARA and AHA, take into consideration whether the writer has
demonstrated the value of his research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“We are looking for a well-written, well-presented story,
and we want to know why the story is important,” Myuhtar-May said. “Did the author explain why the story matters?”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The evaluators also want to see that the writer presents a
strong argument and well-founded conclusions based on a good balance of
primary and secondary sources. At least some of the sources must come from
NEARA’s collection. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some of NEARA’s records are available online at <a href="https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/">https://digitalheritage.arkansas.gov/</a>,
including documents dating back to Arkansas’s territorial period. Researchers can also visit NEARA in person Monday through
Friday from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. No more than two visitors
are allowed at a time in accordance with social distancing protocols, and masks
must be worn.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The NEARA Award was first established in 2013 to honor Lawrence
County Historical Society volunteers who saved the territorial records for
future researchers when the county seat was relocated from Powhatan in 1963. The
award is funded through the Sloan Family Initiative in honor of Eugene Sloan, a
successful lawyer and landowner who was born in Powhatan, where NEARA is
located. Through this funding, the winner receives $1,000, along with a framed
certificate. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Entries for the competition must be submitted by Feb. 1,
2021, and the winner will be announced during the Arkansas Historical
Association’s annual banquet. The winning paper will be considered for
inclusion in the Arkansas Historical Quarterly journal. For more details about
guidelines and how to enter the competition, please <a href="https://arkansasstatearchives.blogspot.com/2020/10/northeast-arkansas-regional-archives-is.html">click here</a>. <o:p></o:p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-40961362876750612202020-11-03T12:57:00.004-06:002020-11-04T09:21:49.899-06:00SARA honors the memory of founder and supporter<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp6Yt30ODbi7LatIl0rmAr9_weVhkWUFgVZylnnK3YAhgj3TK97D17iI3VGgfA45u4oZTvwvQQfWzcqyyhdfUvGO-OM2Li-9bQFjB6H73EE3ungl0v6absfjcsL_82IoZxvORRc5yZeDS_/s999/SARA_Photo_PHOSA000506.26+%2528cropped%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div><div><i>By Melissa Nesbitt, archival manager for the Southwest Arkansas Regional Archives</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div>The Southwest Arkansas Regional Archives recently lost a
dear friend, supporter and founder.<br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitAXlxCIP4E6vhbGVofIhOBYcu6oNkaKYAsHKI1NZmD7CggG8LOORK5vyz7D-zkZ0h8jBSjCA1XvANRC0EIm48KrjAtyXVjEIJebJjbYVJgNm-MlHP6iioCHgu8f_sgkB-xm988rRdQ0um/s999/SARA_Photo_PHOSA000506.26+%2528cropped%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="999" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitAXlxCIP4E6vhbGVofIhOBYcu6oNkaKYAsHKI1NZmD7CggG8LOORK5vyz7D-zkZ0h8jBSjCA1XvANRC0EIm48KrjAtyXVjEIJebJjbYVJgNm-MlHP6iioCHgu8f_sgkB-xm988rRdQ0um/s320/SARA_Photo_PHOSA000506.26+%2528cropped%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>From left to right: Dr. John Ferguson, Mildred <br />Smith, Charlean Etter and Mary Medearis</i></td></tr></tbody></table>Mildred Johnson Smith passed away Oct. 11, 2020, after a
long illness and is both fondly remembered and greatly missed by numerous
friends and family. Smith was born in Washington in Hempstead County, Arkansas,
in 1925. With a strong work ethic and a lifelong love of learning and history,
she worked hard to gain knowledge for herself and to pass her love of learning
on to others. Educated at Oak Grove School near Rosston,<sup>[1]</sup>she
later attended AM&N, now the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, and Arkansas
Baptist College in Little Rock. She earned her Master of Education from Jackson
State University in Jackson, Mississippi, as well as a Specialist Degree in
Education from Henderson State in Arkadelphia.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Prior to starting her career in education, Mrs. Smith worked
in Little Rock at Ottenheimer Brothers, which became one of the largest women’s
garment factories in America. The company made history in the 1940s by hiring African
American workers during a time in which the workforce was diminished due to
World War II.<sup>[2]</sup>Both fashion and beauty were great interests in Mrs. Smith’s life, and she also became
a licensed cosmetologist as a graduate of Velvatex College of Beauty in Little
Rock.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">During the 1950s, she began her teaching career in the
Little Rock and North Little Rock School Districts, in addition to being a
devoted wife and mother of three children. By the early 1970s, Smith returned
to her hometown of Washington and continued to teach in the Hope School District
and eventually in Washington. She served as principal and subsequently the
first black female school superintendent of the Washington School District. Not
only was she a groundbreaker in the education field, she also actively engaged
in politics, where she was the first black female Democratic delegate in the
area.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Amid the fervor of the celebration of the United States Bicentennial
in the mid-1970s, Hempstead County residents reflected on their role in the
nation’s celebration. The Washington (Arkansas) Bicentennial Committee formed,
and committee members decided to purchase research books for a local library. The
Hempstead County Historical Society also formed during this time, and Smith
became an active volunteer. She initially sought the advice of Arkansas History
Commission Director Dr. John Ferguson about starting a library. Instead, Ferguson
encouraged her to think even bigger: Why not start a regional archive?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Smith took Ferguson’s
suggestion to heart; she served as a founding board member of the Southwest
Arkansas Regional Archives (SARA) when it opened in 1978. It was a project of
the Hempstead County Historical Society which had support from the Arkansas History
Commission (now the Arkansas State Archives), Historic Washington State Park
and the Pioneer Washington Restoration Foundation, along with a board of directors
made up of members from its 12-county focus area. Part of the 1874 Court House at
the state park housed SARA until the early 1990s when the archives were
relocated to the former Washington Elementary School where Smith had taught.<sup>[3]</sup> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyWhaXbrMpSRDxLI6uGU8-b4kxCyGxyCz7t1MSDRhlaB6Uqy-9FEupokfKcQdbt463i7BjdwlV0gfYlt6E5XSI4Az7NoHcTCrCP65NNlBdDOQ48q51eMs334hKH2usUujR7t6sNPLZ3qSv/s1638/SARA_SMF_460.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1638" data-original-width="1271" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyWhaXbrMpSRDxLI6uGU8-b4kxCyGxyCz7t1MSDRhlaB6Uqy-9FEupokfKcQdbt463i7BjdwlV0gfYlt6E5XSI4Az7NoHcTCrCP65NNlBdDOQ48q51eMs334hKH2usUujR7t6sNPLZ3qSv/s320/SARA_SMF_460.jpg" /></a></div>In addition to SARA, Smith founded the Black History Museum
in Washington, which opened in 1986. As a teacher, she wanted her students to
know about the role African Americans played in the history of her hometown and
to give her students a sense of pride in their heritage. In recent years,
illness forced Mrs. Smith to shutter the museum. The building and its sign
remain, though, as reminders that three are many Washington stories yet to be
told.<p></p>
Mildred Smith accomplished many things during
her life; the Southwest Arkansas Regional Archives owes much to her vision. Our
condolences go to her family, even as we celebrate her legacy and the example
she set of working to preserve what otherwise might have been lost.
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-11-01--Mildred%20Smith--david's%20suggestions.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For more information see <a href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/rosston-nevada-county-7245/">https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/rosston-nevada-county-7245/</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-11-01--Mildred%20Smith--david's%20suggestions.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For more information see <a href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/gus-ottenheimer-1728/">https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/gus-ottenheimer-1728/</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dathomas/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/QTI5J5D4/2020-11-01--Mildred%20Smith--david's%20suggestions.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
For more information see <a href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/southwest-arkansas-regional-archives-sara-7002/">https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/southwest-arkansas-regional-archives-sara-7002/</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7661753607793595100.post-34967266380670323632020-11-03T12:21:00.001-06:002020-11-04T09:22:41.933-06:00Director's Letter for November<p><i>By David Ware, director and state historian</i></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiVTrtuUl0t48ThbQFCrHKMT381YVSiYjyYowwXLyh_mIsy67Ek6T2YkU6UvPlQU2p9NHB9Q5OFSTlmXIDc3e7B5N_aEGAMVzNmANwePI6Y8v9pG8KuwbTXseQCj7FPq4yiCynDg6FuaSF/s2453/ASA_3720+%25281%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2453" data-original-width="2062" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiVTrtuUl0t48ThbQFCrHKMT381YVSiYjyYowwXLyh_mIsy67Ek6T2YkU6UvPlQU2p9NHB9Q5OFSTlmXIDc3e7B5N_aEGAMVzNmANwePI6Y8v9pG8KuwbTXseQCj7FPq4yiCynDg6FuaSF/s320/ASA_3720+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div>As I write this, November has just begun, and with it, we
leave behind one observance associated with excess (leftover Hallowe’en treats,
anyone?) and commence the run-up to another, Thanksgiving, with barely a
stumble in between to mark Election Day. This year, Hallowe’en was far from the
holiday that we have come to know over the decades: The combination of
contagion, caution and communications technology wrought changes that left many
(particularly those of us who bought too much trick-or-treat candy) pining for
something like “the good old days.” The same will surely be true for the
holiday to come. In the case of Thanksgiving, tradition would probably mean
staging a huge dinner for family and friends, usually based on turkey with
abundant trimmings, hearkening back in spirit, if not in specific ingredients
(I’m looking at you, cranberry jelly!), to the harvest home dinners of
centuries past.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Or, one might prefer to eat out. Hotels’ Thanksgiving dinner
menus give a good idea of the caloric excess promised by the day over the
decades. This one, shared in 1924 by the Knott family’s hotels of New York
City, is fairly modest by the standards of the day but still gives off a warm
glow of overload:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Relish tray
(celery, salted almonds, olives)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lynnhaven Oysters
on the half shell<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cream of Corn or
Clear Consommé<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Boiled Salmon
with Hollandaise Sauce<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Filet Mignon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Roast Vermont
Turkey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cranberry Sauce,
Chestnut Stuffing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mashed or Boiled
Potatoes, Candied Sweet Potatoes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Boiled White
Onions, New Spinach<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Thanksgiving
Punch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Florida Salad<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">French Vanilla
Ice Cream, Assorted Cakes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Mince Pie, Hot or
Cold Pumpkin Pie<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nuts and Raisins<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cheese and
Crackers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Café Demi-tasse<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in;">Mints,
anyone?</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v</span></span></span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: left;">The obvious downside (or attraction, according to one’s
taste) of eating out on Thanksgiving, then or now, is that one would be spared
the task of facing the leftovers … particularly, that endless supply of turkey.
Happily enough, there were — and are — ways to work off the surplus bird. One
is that staple of many a frugal Southern household, turkey hash. Many Arkansas
church and civic group cookbooks contain variations on the theme of compounding
chopped or ground cooked turkey with something to stretch it, something to bind
it and something to give it savor. Turkey hash is not </span><i style="text-align: left;">haute cuisine</i><span style="text-align: left;">, but
it certainly is comfort food, suitable for stomachs recovering from a day, or
two, or three, of caloric excess. Here are a pair of such recipes, suitable for
making the turkey disappear long before it is time to roast the Christmas
goose:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Turkey Hash:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ingredients: 2 cups cooked turkey, ground, 2 cups of cold
mashed potatoes, 1 teacup of cream, 1 kitchen spoon of butter, pepper and salt
to taste. Mix well, put in baking dish to cook, sprinkle bread crumbs on top
with bits of butter. Cook in a hot oven until a light brown.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Creamed Turkey Hash:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Take 2 pints (4 cups) of cooked turkey breast, 1 pint (or a
little less) of cold water, 1 cup of cream, 1 tablespoon butter, 1 dessert spoon
flour, a dash of onion juice, plus pepper and salt. Cut or chop turkey in small
blocks and put in saucepan with the water, onion juice, pepper and salt. Add a
little more water if needed; cook about 20 minutes. Then add butter, cream and
the flour made into a smooth paste with water; boil a few minutes. Serve on
thin slices of hot toast or in a dish for breakfast or luncheon.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Baskerville Old Face"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">v</span></span></span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Elsewhere in the newsletter, readers will find the final installment
of a fascinating and important article by Dr. Fatme Myuhtar-May, manager of the
Northeast Arkansas Regional Archives in Powhatan. Sometimes, history may be
pressed into serving as “comfort food” for the soul, but in this instance it
has a sharp, uncomforting point. The article gets to the truth, or as much of
it as can be ascertained, of a sordid episode of 1880s Arkansas history, the
lynching of an accused rapist. The story of the lynching itself is horrible but
would not be unique, if not for a twist of its retelling. Within a few years
after the event, the press and popular memory performed a feat of racial
reassignment: The accused man had been white, but within months after his
lynching was referred to as a Black man, contrary to the facts in the case but
in accord with racial and cultural stereotyping of the day. It may be too late
to render justice to the lynched man, but Myuhtar-May’s scholarship uses solid
archival research and scholarship to refute this instance of deliberate racial mischaracterization. She
tells a tale that is far from comforting, but one that is worth reading, and remembering.<o:p></o:p></p>Arkansas State Archiveshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14702153535652042471noreply@blogger.com